摘要:无权代理人的民事责任是代理制度中的一个重要问题,而我国立法对无权代理人的责任问题规定过于概括,不利于司法实践,故而建议在将来的民事立法中,应具体规定相应的无权代理人责任制度。本文在介绍和评价契约当事人说、侵权责任说、缔约过失责任说、默示担保责任说的基础上,笔者支持无权代理人对相对人的民事责任为特别责任,因为无权代理人与相对人之间不存在合法、有效的合同,不以无权代理人的过错为成立要件,也非因为无权代理人违反了默示担保义务,而是因为无权代理人的责任由法律直接规定产生,应当是一种特别责任。同时笔者认为无权代理人承担的民事责任仅为赔偿责任,因为其责任基础是法定责任,他们之间不存在契约关系,无权请求履行合同,且以无权代理人的主观态度来确定赔偿范围。
关键词 无权代理人 民事责任 特别责任 赔偿责任
Abstract
The unauthorized agent civil liability is an important issue of the agent in system, China''s legislation on the responsibility of the unauthorized agents is too broad, not conducive to judicial practice, Therefore, proposals in the future of civil legislation, should specific regulate the responsibility of the corresponding unauthorized agent system. The article introducing and evaluation on the basis of contract party doctrine, tort liability doctrine , contracting fault liability doctrine, implied security responsibility doctrine. I support civil liability that the responsibility of the corresponding unauthorized agent for a special responsibility, because between the unauthorized agent and the relative does not exist the legitimate, valid contract, the unauthorized agent’s fault can not be the establishment of conditions, nor is it because they violate the implied guarantee obligations, but because the responsibility of unauthorized agent produced by the direct legal provisions, should be a special responsibility. At the same time, I believe that the unauthorized agent to assume the liability for civil liability only, Because of its responsibility is based on the statutory responsibility, There is no contract between them, have no right to request performance of the contract, and use subjective approach of the unauthorized agents to determine the compensation.
Key word: The unauthorized agent; Civil Liability; Special responsibility; The responsibility of compensation
一、问题的提出
需要指出,所谓“无权代理”是一个名词,意为无权之代理,而不是一个补语结构,如“无钱上学”。各国立法一般将无权代理划分为狭义无权代理和表见代理,并分别设置不同的法律规范加以调整。行为人是否有代理权,归根结底不取决于行为人是否获得本人的授权,而取决于行为人与相对人所为的法律行为,其法律效果由行为人承担,还是由本人承担。由行为人承担,表明法律确认代理行为不成立,行为人不得为代理行为,也就是无权代理。由本人承担,表明法律确认代理行为成立,行为人得为代理行为,也就是有权代理。表见代理因代理行为“超出”代理权限,被称为“无权代理”。然而,既然法律规定表见代理的法律效果归于本人,就足以证明行为人享有代理权——这一权利并非由本人授予,而是由法律确认;代理行为也没有超出代理权限——这一权限并非由本人设定,而是由法律规定,因此,表见代理不是无权代理,而是有权代理。基于以上论述,本文所要讨论的就是狭义无权代理人的民事责任问题。