思想的解放 理性的光芒
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资料包括： 论文(21页5837字)
说明：
摘 要：启蒙运动是18世纪中叶一场起源于法国的思想运动。启蒙运动思想当时在欧洲和北美广泛传播。它反对宗教狂热，迷信，反对封建主义专制主义的特权和黑暗统治。本论文就启蒙运动宣扬的自由，平等和理性进行了陈述。在此运动中最为著名和杰出思想家有伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，卢梭和狄德罗，本论文试图在文章的第二部分就他们的思想进行论述。作者在文章最后部分进一步分析了此运动对人们在文化和思想上的影响以及此运动对北美独立战争，法国大革命和亚洲所产生的影响。
关键词：启蒙; 理性; 平等; 自由
Abstract
The enlightenment was intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or state. This paper states the freedom, equality and rationality which are advocated in the Enlightenment. There were many philosophers in the 18th century, especially Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Diderot. The author states their ideas in the second part of this paper. The last part of this paper is to stress the influence of the movement upon the culture and ideas for human, and it also emphasizes the influence of the movement upon the independence of American, the revolution of France and Asia.
Key Words
Enlightenment; reason; equal; freedom
Introduction
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. A rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political and economic issues promotes a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility.
The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, The Enlightenment. This movement advocates rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, and logic. The intellectual leaders of this movement regards themselves as a courageous elite, and regards their purpose as one of leading the world toward progress .It also provides a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the industrial movement in British, the Latin American independence movement ,as well as the rise of liberation and the birth of socialism and communism. It is matched by the high baroque and classical eras in Art, Music and Literature, Medicine, Economic and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which includes logical positivism. It has influenced on Asia, especially China and Japan. The Japanese absorbs the ideas, following the Europe countries to hold revolution. And then it is developing and becoming powerfully. In China, the famous movement-- The Reform Movement of 1898 has been also influenced by these ideas.
The paper is to stress the influence of the movement upon the French people and all over the world.
目录：
AbstractI
Key WordsI
摘 要II
关键词II
Introduction1
I Background 2
A. Historical Background for France in 18th Century2
B. The Enlightenment in the 18th Century3
II The Most Important Figures of the Enlightenment and Their Influence4
III The Influence of the Enlightenment6
A. Influence upon the France in 18th Century and Upon the Future for France6
1. From Culture6
2. From Idea7
B. Influence upon the other European Countries even the Whole World10
1. American10
2. British11
3. Asia ---Japan and China12
Conclusion14
Acknowledgements15
Bibliography16
参考文献：
Daniel Mornet. French Thought in the Eighteenth Century. Beijing: Beijing university press, 2005.
Dena Goodman, the Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 1999.
Haydn Mason. The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the 18th Century. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 2004.
Wu Zhongze, Chen Jinluo. The Administration Work on Social Organizations. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 1999.
布罗代尔主编. 法兰西的特性：人与物 [M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，1995.
端木以万. Reading Course in French & British News Publications [M]. 北京：中国大学出版社, 2005.
多米尼克, 维达尔. 走在昨天的巴黎 [M]. 湖南：湖南人民出版社，2005.
李超主编. 新编英美概况 [M]. 广东：汕头大学出版社，2004.
罗梵等.法国文化史 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2001.
吕一民著：《法国通史》上海社会科学院出版社，2002.
米盖尔.法国史 [M]. 北京：人民出版社，1985.
斯塔夫里阿诺斯. 全球通史——1500以后的世界 [M]. 三联书店出版社，2005.
威尔.杜兰. 世界文明史——理性开启时代(下) [M]. 北京：东方出版社，2001.
卫韦. 18世纪的法国 [M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，2005.
[15] 鲁昭. 亚洲近代史 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2003.
作者点评：
思想的解放 理性的光芒
Today the Enlightenment is often viewed as a historical movement, a brief moment when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason vainly supposed that the perfect society could be built on common sense and tolerance, a fantasy which collapsed amid the Terror of the French Revolution. Marxists denounced it for promoting the ideals and power of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the working classes. In many ways, the Enlightenment has forever been more alive. The notions of human rights are developed powerfully which are attractive to encourage peoples everywhere, who appeal to the same notion of natural law that so inspired Voltaire. He distrusted utopianism, whether we acknowledge his influence or not, we still think today more like him than like his enemies. As we go through his most influential works, The Philosophical Dictionary, look for passages which helped laid the groundwork for modern patterns of thought. Look also for passages which still seem challenging, pieces of arguments that continue today. Rousseau''s notions of self-rule are universal. These ideas have also become global. Whatever their limits, they have formed the consensus of international ideals by which modern states are judged.
So the 18th century Enlightenment in France has been influenced and effected deeply and widely. There is no national boundaries, no racialism. It is spread all over the world and the ideas have influenced people century by century.
资料包括： 论文(21页5837字)
说明：
摘 要：启蒙运动是18世纪中叶一场起源于法国的思想运动。启蒙运动思想当时在欧洲和北美广泛传播。它反对宗教狂热，迷信，反对封建主义专制主义的特权和黑暗统治。本论文就启蒙运动宣扬的自由，平等和理性进行了陈述。在此运动中最为著名和杰出思想家有伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，卢梭和狄德罗，本论文试图在文章的第二部分就他们的思想进行论述。作者在文章最后部分进一步分析了此运动对人们在文化和思想上的影响以及此运动对北美独立战争，法国大革命和亚洲所产生的影响。
关键词：启蒙; 理性; 平等; 自由
Abstract
The enlightenment was intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or state. This paper states the freedom, equality and rationality which are advocated in the Enlightenment. There were many philosophers in the 18th century, especially Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Diderot. The author states their ideas in the second part of this paper. The last part of this paper is to stress the influence of the movement upon the culture and ideas for human, and it also emphasizes the influence of the movement upon the independence of American, the revolution of France and Asia.
Key Words
Enlightenment; reason; equal; freedom
Introduction
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. A rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political and economic issues promotes a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility.
The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, The Enlightenment. This movement advocates rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, and logic. The intellectual leaders of this movement regards themselves as a courageous elite, and regards their purpose as one of leading the world toward progress .It also provides a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the industrial movement in British, the Latin American independence movement ,as well as the rise of liberation and the birth of socialism and communism. It is matched by the high baroque and classical eras in Art, Music and Literature, Medicine, Economic and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which includes logical positivism. It has influenced on Asia, especially China and Japan. The Japanese absorbs the ideas, following the Europe countries to hold revolution. And then it is developing and becoming powerfully. In China, the famous movement-- The Reform Movement of 1898 has been also influenced by these ideas.
The paper is to stress the influence of the movement upon the French people and all over the world.
目录：
AbstractI
Key WordsI
摘 要II
关键词II
Introduction1
I Background 2
A. Historical Background for France in 18th Century2
B. The Enlightenment in the 18th Century3
II The Most Important Figures of the Enlightenment and Their Influence4
III The Influence of the Enlightenment6
A. Influence upon the France in 18th Century and Upon the Future for France6
1. From Culture6
2. From Idea7
B. Influence upon the other European Countries even the Whole World10
1. American10
2. British11
3. Asia ---Japan and China12
Conclusion14
Acknowledgements15
Bibliography16
参考文献：
Daniel Mornet. French Thought in the Eighteenth Century. Beijing: Beijing university press, 2005.
Dena Goodman, the Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 1999.
Haydn Mason. The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the 18th Century. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 2004.
Wu Zhongze, Chen Jinluo. The Administration Work on Social Organizations. Beijing: The Chinese Social Press, 1999.
布罗代尔主编. 法兰西的特性：人与物 [M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，1995.
端木以万. Reading Course in French & British News Publications [M]. 北京：中国大学出版社, 2005.
多米尼克, 维达尔. 走在昨天的巴黎 [M]. 湖南：湖南人民出版社，2005.
李超主编. 新编英美概况 [M]. 广东：汕头大学出版社，2004.
罗梵等.法国文化史 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2001.
吕一民著：《法国通史》上海社会科学院出版社，2002.
米盖尔.法国史 [M]. 北京：人民出版社，1985.
斯塔夫里阿诺斯. 全球通史——1500以后的世界 [M]. 三联书店出版社，2005.
威尔.杜兰. 世界文明史——理性开启时代(下) [M]. 北京：东方出版社，2001.
卫韦. 18世纪的法国 [M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，2005.
[15] 鲁昭. 亚洲近代史 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2003.
作者点评：
思想的解放 理性的光芒
Today the Enlightenment is often viewed as a historical movement, a brief moment when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason vainly supposed that the perfect society could be built on common sense and tolerance, a fantasy which collapsed amid the Terror of the French Revolution. Marxists denounced it for promoting the ideals and power of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the working classes. In many ways, the Enlightenment has forever been more alive. The notions of human rights are developed powerfully which are attractive to encourage peoples everywhere, who appeal to the same notion of natural law that so inspired Voltaire. He distrusted utopianism, whether we acknowledge his influence or not, we still think today more like him than like his enemies. As we go through his most influential works, The Philosophical Dictionary, look for passages which helped laid the groundwork for modern patterns of thought. Look also for passages which still seem challenging, pieces of arguments that continue today. Rousseau''s notions of self-rule are universal. These ideas have also become global. Whatever their limits, they have formed the consensus of international ideals by which modern states are judged.
So the 18th century Enlightenment in France has been influenced and effected deeply and widely. There is no national boundaries, no racialism. It is spread all over the world and the ideas have influenced people century by century.