美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析
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资料包括： 论文(23页6671字)
说明：
摘 要：本论文从美国黑人文化的历史入手，分析黑人文化的优秀成分、黑人的抗争、白人的帮助等几个方面对黑人文化保存下来的原因进行了研究探讨。同时也提及到一些为黑人文化的延续和发展做出杰出贡献的优秀人物和美国黑人文化发展过程中的主要文化运动。其中,黑人文化的优秀成份是黑人文化得以幸存下来的根本原因，它为黑人文化的传播提供了源动力，为黑人文化的延续提供了持久的生命力;黑人所做的斗争对黑人文化的幸存起到了积极的推动作用，它为黑人文化的发展注入了新的活力；白人的帮助以及老一辈黑人的言传身授等诸多因素为黑人文化的发展创造了有利的外部条件。通过对黑人文化的研究，我们还发现美国黑人只有了解自己的历史,了解自己的文化,才能对世界持有更宽泛、更宽容的看法,才能正确定位自我价值,在坚持传统文化的基础上接纳新的外来文化,并使之融入到美国主流文化中去，最终使黑人文化摆脱历史的包袱与现实的包袱,得到真正的自由与发展。
关键词：美国黑人文化,文化多元化,黑人文化运动,民族意识
Abstract
This thesis is to study the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from the aspect of its history. It includes many factors such as the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, the black’s striving, and the assistant of the white and so on. Meanwhile, it also refers to some main culture movements in the process of Afro-American culture development and some figures that have made great contribution to the survival and development of Afro-American culture. Among these factors, the basic reason of survival is the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, as it provides original power for the spread of the black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of the black culture. It is the black’ struggle that impels the survival of the black culture, and injects new energy for its development. A good many factors, such as the elder’s instruction and the white’s help create advantageous exterior condition. According to the study of the reasons for the survival of Afro-American culture, we can find that only do Afro-Americans know their history and culture that they can have more encyclopedical and good-tempered attitude toward the world, place their self-worth properly, receive extra culture on the condition of preserving traditional cultural and make it melt with American culture and finally make the Afro-American culture be out of the effects of history and reality to obtain real freedom and development.
Key Words
Afro-American culture; cultural diversity; cultural movement of the black; national consciousness
Introduction
The Afro-American culture reached America with the black who were sold to America as slaves. But at that time, the Afro-American culture hardly had the possibility of survival because of several reasons. First, the African emigrations came from different countries with different language. It was very hard for the slave to communicate with different language. To survive and communicate, they had to create a language themselves. Therefore, their native language had been gradually forgotten and lost in the communication of new environment. As for religion belief, nothing was left about their original religion. The Afro-American culture could not develop and carry on. Next, at the beginning of emigrating, they were a nation with no family. And there was no history evidence to show that the normal African family structure preserved. They could not enjoy the family life and they even could not have the jural relative relation through marriage. Husband, wife, children did not exist under the slavery. The African women were regarded as personal property and humiliated at will or fed as offspring. The Afro-American culture was deeply isolated and destroyed. In addition, the strong white culture and the all-pervasive white culture media made the force of white culture double enlarged. Therefore, the development of Afro-American culture was deeply restricted as the black could neither exclude nor syncretize the value and tasting view transmitted by the white culture and media.
However, though under the oppression of strong white culture and affected by so many disadvantages, the Afro-American culture does not die out. Instead, it has taken root in the other shore of Atlantic and affected with local culture mutually, mixed harmoniously and developed together to form its unique Afro-American culture. This thesis analyzes the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from several aspects. 目录：
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….…………Ⅰ
Key Words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1
I. The Origin and Development of Afro-American Culture…………………………2
II. The Effects of Afro-American Culture……………………………………………2
Ⅲ. The Excellent Component of the Afro-American Culture………………………3
A. The Comparability of the Ancestor’s Culture…….…………………………3
B. The Original and Unvarnished Character of the Afro-American Culture……4
C. The Idea of Double Self-identity of Afro-American……………………………5
Ⅳ. The Struggle that the Afro-American had Made……………………………………7
Ⅴ. The Reformation of Nationality Consciousness of the Black………………………8
Ⅵ. The Care and Instruction of the Elder Generation…………………………………9
Ⅶ. The Help of the White……………………………………………………………10
Ⅷ. Promotion of Culture Movement…………………………………………………11
A. The American Modern Black Culture Reformation……………………………11
B. The New Black Culture Movement……….……….…….…….………………11
C. The American Civil Rights Movement of 1960s……………………………….11
D. Other Culture Movements ……………………………………………………12
Ⅸ. Other Factors ………………………………………………………………………12
A. Not Yielding to the Christianization of the White………………………………13
B. Culture Diversity ……………………………………………………………13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………14
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………15
Notes…………………………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………17
参考文献：
Bontemps, Arna. The Awakening: A Memoir.
Arna Bontemps. The Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1972: 23.
Eltis, David. The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment . William and Mary Quarterly, Vol.58, No.1, 2001,(1).
Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. New York : Hill & Wang, 1995.
Higham, John. The Problems of Assimilation in the United States
John Gjerde. Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History: Documents and Essays, p18.
Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 - 1800, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Walsh, Lorena S. From Calabar to Carter’ s Grove: the History of a Virginia Slave Community, The University Press of Virginia, 1997.
Segy, Ladistas. Masks of Black Africa. New York: Dover Publications, 1976, (8).
George S, Schuyler. The Negro Art Hokum. In Cary D. Wintz (ed. ).
The Politics and Aesthetics of“New Negro”Literature. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc.,1996: 164-465.
Littlefield, Daniel C. Rice and Slave: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina, Baton Rouge, 1981.
陈华. 美国黑人的文化认同及矛盾[J]. 求索, 2002，(6).
陈志杰. 美国内战前黑人宗教文化刍议[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报，2004，(2).
陈致远著. 多元文化的现代美国[M] 成都: 四川人民出版社，2003.
丹尼尔.布尔斯廷.美国人的民主历程[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,1993：335-336.
胡锦山. 美国黑人城市化与五六十年代黑人民权运动[J].厦门大学学报，1998,(2).
[15] 黄卫峰. 兰斯顿.休斯的文化多元思想与实践[J].四川外语学院学报，2004,(6).
[16] 黄卫峰. 美国新黑人文化运动的特点[J].学术论坛，2002,(5).
[17] 黄卫峰. 也谈美国新黑人文化运动[J].美国研究,2002,(2).
[18] 刘绪贻. 20世纪30年代以来美国史论丛[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002.
[19] 龙毛忠. 漫漫长路, 上下求索: 从《所罗门之歌》主人公寻根之旅看美国黑人青年的成长[J]. 山东师大外国语学院学报,2000,(2).
[20] 马克垚主编. 世界文明史[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社，2004: 1315-1323.
[21] 宁骚主编. 非洲黑人文化[M]. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社，1993.
[22] 潘伟. 美国黑人灵歌的起源及文化属性[J]. 周口师范学院学报，2003,(4).
[23] 王建伟. 文化多元化: 美国黑人种族与民族关系的神话[J].山东师大外国语学院学报2001,(4).
[24] 王霄飞. 美国黑人文化中的非洲因素[J].长白学刊, 2004,(3).
[25] 曾艳钰. 论美国黑人美学思想的发展[J].当代外国文学，2004,(2).
[26] 曾竹青. 祖先的遗产: 美国黑人文学寻根主题的变奏曲[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2000,(5).
[27] 张丽华. 难以漂白的黑人魂: 论托妮.莫里森早期作品中的文化冲突及文化定位[J].湖州师范学院学报,2004,(4).
[28] 张丽华. 谈《所罗门之歌》中美国黑人的文化定位.湖州师范学院学报[J]，2001,(2).
[29] 张露. 黑人民族意识的缺失与重塑[J].财经界（下半月刊），2006,(9).
[30] 赵曙光. 初探非洲黑人音乐对南北美洲音乐文化发展的影响[J].安阳工学院学报，2005,(5).
作者点评：
美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析
This thesis analyzes the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from several aspects: the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, the black’s struggle, the elder’s instruction and the white’s help. Among these factors, the basic reason of survival is the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, as it provides original power for the spread of black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of black culture; it is the black’ struggle that impels the survival of black culture, and injects new energy for its development. A good many factors, such as the elder’s instruction and the white’s help create advantageous exterior condition. According to the study of the reason for the survival of Afro-American culture, we can find that the black culture both excluding from white culture with violence and fetishizing the white culture are prejudiced viewpoint because they do not really understand the culture history. Only do Afro-Americans know their history and their own culture they can have more encyclopedical and good-tempered attitude toward the world, place their self-worth properly, receive other cultures on the condition of preserving traditional culture and make it melt with American culture and finally make the Afro-American culture be out of the effects of history and reality to obtain real freedom and development.
资料包括： 论文(23页6671字)
说明：
摘 要：本论文从美国黑人文化的历史入手，分析黑人文化的优秀成分、黑人的抗争、白人的帮助等几个方面对黑人文化保存下来的原因进行了研究探讨。同时也提及到一些为黑人文化的延续和发展做出杰出贡献的优秀人物和美国黑人文化发展过程中的主要文化运动。其中,黑人文化的优秀成份是黑人文化得以幸存下来的根本原因，它为黑人文化的传播提供了源动力，为黑人文化的延续提供了持久的生命力;黑人所做的斗争对黑人文化的幸存起到了积极的推动作用，它为黑人文化的发展注入了新的活力；白人的帮助以及老一辈黑人的言传身授等诸多因素为黑人文化的发展创造了有利的外部条件。通过对黑人文化的研究，我们还发现美国黑人只有了解自己的历史,了解自己的文化,才能对世界持有更宽泛、更宽容的看法,才能正确定位自我价值,在坚持传统文化的基础上接纳新的外来文化,并使之融入到美国主流文化中去，最终使黑人文化摆脱历史的包袱与现实的包袱,得到真正的自由与发展。
关键词：美国黑人文化,文化多元化,黑人文化运动,民族意识
Abstract
This thesis is to study the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from the aspect of its history. It includes many factors such as the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, the black’s striving, and the assistant of the white and so on. Meanwhile, it also refers to some main culture movements in the process of Afro-American culture development and some figures that have made great contribution to the survival and development of Afro-American culture. Among these factors, the basic reason of survival is the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, as it provides original power for the spread of the black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of the black culture. It is the black’ struggle that impels the survival of the black culture, and injects new energy for its development. A good many factors, such as the elder’s instruction and the white’s help create advantageous exterior condition. According to the study of the reasons for the survival of Afro-American culture, we can find that only do Afro-Americans know their history and culture that they can have more encyclopedical and good-tempered attitude toward the world, place their self-worth properly, receive extra culture on the condition of preserving traditional cultural and make it melt with American culture and finally make the Afro-American culture be out of the effects of history and reality to obtain real freedom and development.
Key Words
Afro-American culture; cultural diversity; cultural movement of the black; national consciousness
Introduction
The Afro-American culture reached America with the black who were sold to America as slaves. But at that time, the Afro-American culture hardly had the possibility of survival because of several reasons. First, the African emigrations came from different countries with different language. It was very hard for the slave to communicate with different language. To survive and communicate, they had to create a language themselves. Therefore, their native language had been gradually forgotten and lost in the communication of new environment. As for religion belief, nothing was left about their original religion. The Afro-American culture could not develop and carry on. Next, at the beginning of emigrating, they were a nation with no family. And there was no history evidence to show that the normal African family structure preserved. They could not enjoy the family life and they even could not have the jural relative relation through marriage. Husband, wife, children did not exist under the slavery. The African women were regarded as personal property and humiliated at will or fed as offspring. The Afro-American culture was deeply isolated and destroyed. In addition, the strong white culture and the all-pervasive white culture media made the force of white culture double enlarged. Therefore, the development of Afro-American culture was deeply restricted as the black could neither exclude nor syncretize the value and tasting view transmitted by the white culture and media.
However, though under the oppression of strong white culture and affected by so many disadvantages, the Afro-American culture does not die out. Instead, it has taken root in the other shore of Atlantic and affected with local culture mutually, mixed harmoniously and developed together to form its unique Afro-American culture. This thesis analyzes the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from several aspects. 目录：
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….…………Ⅰ
Key Words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1
I. The Origin and Development of Afro-American Culture…………………………2
II. The Effects of Afro-American Culture……………………………………………2
Ⅲ. The Excellent Component of the Afro-American Culture………………………3
A. The Comparability of the Ancestor’s Culture…….…………………………3
B. The Original and Unvarnished Character of the Afro-American Culture……4
C. The Idea of Double Self-identity of Afro-American……………………………5
Ⅳ. The Struggle that the Afro-American had Made……………………………………7
Ⅴ. The Reformation of Nationality Consciousness of the Black………………………8
Ⅵ. The Care and Instruction of the Elder Generation…………………………………9
Ⅶ. The Help of the White……………………………………………………………10
Ⅷ. Promotion of Culture Movement…………………………………………………11
A. The American Modern Black Culture Reformation……………………………11
B. The New Black Culture Movement……….……….…….…….………………11
C. The American Civil Rights Movement of 1960s……………………………….11
D. Other Culture Movements ……………………………………………………12
Ⅸ. Other Factors ………………………………………………………………………12
A. Not Yielding to the Christianization of the White………………………………13
B. Culture Diversity ……………………………………………………………13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………14
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………15
Notes…………………………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………17
参考文献：
Bontemps, Arna. The Awakening: A Memoir.
Arna Bontemps. The Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1972: 23.
Eltis, David. The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment . William and Mary Quarterly, Vol.58, No.1, 2001,(1).
Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. New York : Hill & Wang, 1995.
Higham, John. The Problems of Assimilation in the United States
John Gjerde. Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History: Documents and Essays, p18.
Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 - 1800, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Walsh, Lorena S. From Calabar to Carter’ s Grove: the History of a Virginia Slave Community, The University Press of Virginia, 1997.
Segy, Ladistas. Masks of Black Africa. New York: Dover Publications, 1976, (8).
George S, Schuyler. The Negro Art Hokum. In Cary D. Wintz (ed. ).
The Politics and Aesthetics of“New Negro”Literature. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc.,1996: 164-465.
Littlefield, Daniel C. Rice and Slave: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina, Baton Rouge, 1981.
陈华. 美国黑人的文化认同及矛盾[J]. 求索, 2002，(6).
陈志杰. 美国内战前黑人宗教文化刍议[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报，2004，(2).
陈致远著. 多元文化的现代美国[M] 成都: 四川人民出版社，2003.
丹尼尔.布尔斯廷.美国人的民主历程[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,1993：335-336.
胡锦山. 美国黑人城市化与五六十年代黑人民权运动[J].厦门大学学报，1998,(2).
[15] 黄卫峰. 兰斯顿.休斯的文化多元思想与实践[J].四川外语学院学报，2004,(6).
[16] 黄卫峰. 美国新黑人文化运动的特点[J].学术论坛，2002,(5).
[17] 黄卫峰. 也谈美国新黑人文化运动[J].美国研究,2002,(2).
[18] 刘绪贻. 20世纪30年代以来美国史论丛[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002.
[19] 龙毛忠. 漫漫长路, 上下求索: 从《所罗门之歌》主人公寻根之旅看美国黑人青年的成长[J]. 山东师大外国语学院学报,2000,(2).
[20] 马克垚主编. 世界文明史[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社，2004: 1315-1323.
[21] 宁骚主编. 非洲黑人文化[M]. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社，1993.
[22] 潘伟. 美国黑人灵歌的起源及文化属性[J]. 周口师范学院学报，2003,(4).
[23] 王建伟. 文化多元化: 美国黑人种族与民族关系的神话[J].山东师大外国语学院学报2001,(4).
[24] 王霄飞. 美国黑人文化中的非洲因素[J].长白学刊, 2004,(3).
[25] 曾艳钰. 论美国黑人美学思想的发展[J].当代外国文学，2004,(2).
[26] 曾竹青. 祖先的遗产: 美国黑人文学寻根主题的变奏曲[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2000,(5).
[27] 张丽华. 难以漂白的黑人魂: 论托妮.莫里森早期作品中的文化冲突及文化定位[J].湖州师范学院学报,2004,(4).
[28] 张丽华. 谈《所罗门之歌》中美国黑人的文化定位.湖州师范学院学报[J]，2001,(2).
[29] 张露. 黑人民族意识的缺失与重塑[J].财经界（下半月刊），2006,(9).
[30] 赵曙光. 初探非洲黑人音乐对南北美洲音乐文化发展的影响[J].安阳工学院学报，2005,(5).
作者点评：
美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析
This thesis analyzes the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from several aspects: the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, the black’s struggle, the elder’s instruction and the white’s help. Among these factors, the basic reason of survival is the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, as it provides original power for the spread of black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of black culture; it is the black’ struggle that impels the survival of black culture, and injects new energy for its development. A good many factors, such as the elder’s instruction and the white’s help create advantageous exterior condition. According to the study of the reason for the survival of Afro-American culture, we can find that the black culture both excluding from white culture with violence and fetishizing the white culture are prejudiced viewpoint because they do not really understand the culture history. Only do Afro-Americans know their history and their own culture they can have more encyclopedical and good-tempered attitude toward the world, place their self-worth properly, receive other cultures on the condition of preserving traditional culture and make it melt with American culture and finally make the Afro-American culture be out of the effects of history and reality to obtain real freedom and development.