文化认同的悲剧
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资料包括： 论文(18页4609字)
说明：
摘 要：美国黑人文化和白人主流文化中的冲突，以及黑人文化的边缘性一直是非裔美国作家所关注的焦点。在其作品中，他们描述了黑人文化的扭曲和迷失，力图唤起黑人对民族文化的珍视。托尼•莫里森无疑是这类作家中的先驱，而且更为重要的是她超越了一般的非裔美国作家的创作而探寻了黑人在文化认同中的悲剧。在《最蓝的眼睛》这部小说中，通过一个黑人小女孩佩科拉寻求一双蓝眼睛的故事，莫里森揭示出美国白人主流文化的价值观，尤其是社会流行的审美标准—蓝眼睛，金发，白皮肤—对黑人（特别是黑人女性和小孩）的影响与戕害，展现了在对主流文化的认同中黑人的迷失，分裂与自我否定。本文试图在对这篇小说的文本分析的基础上，剖析佩科拉悲剧的根源在于黑人群体对主流文化的认同，进而揭示出她的悲剧就是整个黑人群体的悲剧。
关键词：佩科拉,认同,悲剧,主流文化,冲突
Abstract
The clash between the black culture and the mainstream culture in the United States as well as the marginalized existence of the black culture is always the focus of Afro-American fiction writers. In their works they depict the twisted black culture and the loss of it, and attempt to call for cherishing their native culture. Toni Morrison is, undoubtedly, one of them, and more importantly she goes beyond that and explores the tragedy of identification. Through the depiction of a black little girl in the novel The Bluest Eyes, who crazily searches for a pair of blue eyes, Tony Morrison reveals the devastating influence and hurts of the concept of value of the mainstream culture, specially the standard of the aesthetic appreciation – blue eyes, golden hair, and white skill – on the black people，especially black women and children. In addition, she shows the loss of their cultural/ethic identities, spiritual breakdown and self-denial during the process of the identification. Based on textual analysis of the novel, the thesis aims at exploring the tragedy of Pecola as the result of the identification of the blacks in the mainstream culture, and further reveals that her tragedy is actually the tragedy of the blacks when they fully identify themselves with the mainstream culture.
Key Words
Pecola; identification; tragedy; mainstream culture; clash
Introduction
Toni Morrison is, undoubtedly, a special and unique fiction writer in world literature. As a woman and an Afro-American, she goes beyond the simplistic dichotomies of the black male literary tradition in which the world is divided into black/white, good/evil, virgin/whore, self/other, male/female paradigms, and provides her readers with a new perspective to reexamine black tradition and black culture in modern society. Moreover, she keeps aloof from other major Afro-American writers and makes a thorough exploration of the marginalized world—black women. In fact, when Morrison begins writing in the 1960s and 1970s, there is just a paucity of books about the black woman, and there is no fiction representing her experience: “this person, this female, this black did not exist center-self.”(Furman 6) Black women’s text, in America, Morrison notes, projects a wide gaze. “It’s not narrow, it’s very probing and it does not flinch,” and she is writing to “repossess, rename, renown.” (Furman 6)
The Bluest Eye is her first fiction and is the best that exemplifies her attitude and her moral consciousness. Through the story of Pecola, the marginalized little black girl, Morrison demonstrates the psychological disintegration of Pecola whose blackness is an affront to a society in which blue eyes are valued above all others, and the dislocation and loss of black culture with the corrosion of white mainstream culture, and more importantly, the tragedy of identification.
In fact, as Toni Morrison becomes one of America''s most celebrated contemporary authors, The Bluest Eye, published in 1970, has gained increasing attention from literary critics. Most of story is narrated by a young black girl, Claudia MacTeer, who is part of a poor but loving black family in Lorain, Ohio, in the 1940s. However, the primary focus of the novel is on Pecola Breedlove, another young black girl who lives in very different circumstances from Claudia and her sister. Not only is her mother Pauline distant and aloof, but her father Cholly Breedlove is also unreliable for any comfort or support, and instead he drinks excessively and later rapes Pecola. Because Pecola, just as her mother, yearns to be seen as beautiful, she longs for the blue eyes of the most admired child in the 1940s: Shirley Temple. After visiting Soaphead Church, a "spiritualist" who claims he can make Pecola''s eyes blue, Pecola believes that she has the bluest eyes in the world and now everyone will love her. Obviously, Pecola is the truest kind of victim. Unlike Claudia, who possesses the love of her family, Pecola is powerless to reject the unachievable values esteemed by those around her and finally descends into insanity. The Bluest Eye portrays the tragedy that results when African Americans have no resources to fight the standards presented to them by the white culture and when they lose cultural/ethic identity during the process of identification in the mainstream society
目录：
Abstract……..………………………………………………..……Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要……………………………….…………………………..…Ⅱ
关键词…..………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……1
I. The Rejection of the Mainstream Culture…..…………………………………..…3
II. The Tragedy of Pecola as the Result of the Identification of the Blacks………5
A. The Rejection of the Black Community………………………..….………..…..5
B. The Rejection of Her Parents……………………………………………….…..6
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……….…..10
Acknowledgements…………………………………………….………………..…..12
Bibliography……………………………………………………………….……….13
参考文献：
Furman, Jan. Toni Morrison’ s Fiction. Columbia S.C: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
Huggins, Nathani., Martin Kilson and Daniel M. Fox, ed. Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience . HBJ, 1971.
IaGuardia, Dolores and Hans P. Guth. American Voice. California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1998.
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Washington Square Press, 1970.
Rice, Herbert William. Toni Morrison and the American Tradition. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.
程锡麟，王哓路. 当代美国小说理论[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
高继海. 佩科拉的悲剧根源—评托妮莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》[J]. 河南大学学报：社会科学版，2001（3）.
潭瑛 彭颖. 扭曲与否定—谈托妮莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》[J]. 理论界，2006（2）.
王守仁，吴新云. 性别 种族 文化：托妮•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.
于雷. 论《最蓝的眼睛》中的双重悲剧结构[J]. 南京：南京理工大学学报：社会科学版，2004（3）.
张友伦，肖军，张聪. 美国社会的悖论[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999.
作者点评：
文化认同的悲剧
Therefore, Pecola’s tragedy is not only the result of the rejection of the white mainstream culture, but more importantly the inevitable consequence of identification. The blacks in the community believe that the ugliness “came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious, all-knowing master had given each one a cloak of ugliness to wear, and they had each accepted it without question. The master had said, ‘you are ugly people.’ They had looked about themselves and saw nothing to contradict the statement; saw, in fact, support for it leaning at them from every billboard, every movie, every glance. ‘Yes,’ they had said, ‘you are right.’”(Morrison 133) What is worse is that they bear in their mind that all civilizations derive from the white race, that none can exist without its help, and that, a society is great and brilliant only so far as it preserves the blood of the noble group (the white) that created it. Naturally, when they hear the tragedy of Pecola, “they were disgusted, amused, shocked, outraged, or even excited by the story.” (Morrison 148) The whole community is indifferent, “all of us—all who knew her—felt so wholesome after we cleaned ourselves on her. We were so beautiful when we stood astride her ugliness. Her simplicity decorated us, her guilt sanctified us, her pain make us glow with health, her awkwardness make us think us believe we were eloquent. Her poverty kept us generous. Even her waking dreams we used—to silence our own nightmares. And she let us, and thereby deserved our contempt….” (Morrison 159) In this sense, Pecola’s tragedy of identification is the tragedy of the whole community, and the whole black race in the American mainstream society.
Undoubtedly, just as her comments on The Bluest Eyes, “I believe, it is a book concerned about experiences, values and survival of the blacks”, (王守仁 吴新云 47) what Morrison, through the tragic story of Pecola, leads her reader to is the thought of how to identify between two cultures, how to fulfill an essential self in the community and the past, and how to cherish and promote the native culture, and it is the thought that brings much significance and more meaningful implications for The Bluest Eyes now in the age of globalization which stresses cultural pluralism and the coexistence of cultural differences.
资料包括： 论文(18页4609字)
说明：
摘 要：美国黑人文化和白人主流文化中的冲突，以及黑人文化的边缘性一直是非裔美国作家所关注的焦点。在其作品中，他们描述了黑人文化的扭曲和迷失，力图唤起黑人对民族文化的珍视。托尼•莫里森无疑是这类作家中的先驱，而且更为重要的是她超越了一般的非裔美国作家的创作而探寻了黑人在文化认同中的悲剧。在《最蓝的眼睛》这部小说中，通过一个黑人小女孩佩科拉寻求一双蓝眼睛的故事，莫里森揭示出美国白人主流文化的价值观，尤其是社会流行的审美标准—蓝眼睛，金发，白皮肤—对黑人（特别是黑人女性和小孩）的影响与戕害，展现了在对主流文化的认同中黑人的迷失，分裂与自我否定。本文试图在对这篇小说的文本分析的基础上，剖析佩科拉悲剧的根源在于黑人群体对主流文化的认同，进而揭示出她的悲剧就是整个黑人群体的悲剧。
关键词：佩科拉,认同,悲剧,主流文化,冲突
Abstract
The clash between the black culture and the mainstream culture in the United States as well as the marginalized existence of the black culture is always the focus of Afro-American fiction writers. In their works they depict the twisted black culture and the loss of it, and attempt to call for cherishing their native culture. Toni Morrison is, undoubtedly, one of them, and more importantly she goes beyond that and explores the tragedy of identification. Through the depiction of a black little girl in the novel The Bluest Eyes, who crazily searches for a pair of blue eyes, Tony Morrison reveals the devastating influence and hurts of the concept of value of the mainstream culture, specially the standard of the aesthetic appreciation – blue eyes, golden hair, and white skill – on the black people，especially black women and children. In addition, she shows the loss of their cultural/ethic identities, spiritual breakdown and self-denial during the process of the identification. Based on textual analysis of the novel, the thesis aims at exploring the tragedy of Pecola as the result of the identification of the blacks in the mainstream culture, and further reveals that her tragedy is actually the tragedy of the blacks when they fully identify themselves with the mainstream culture.
Key Words
Pecola; identification; tragedy; mainstream culture; clash
Introduction
Toni Morrison is, undoubtedly, a special and unique fiction writer in world literature. As a woman and an Afro-American, she goes beyond the simplistic dichotomies of the black male literary tradition in which the world is divided into black/white, good/evil, virgin/whore, self/other, male/female paradigms, and provides her readers with a new perspective to reexamine black tradition and black culture in modern society. Moreover, she keeps aloof from other major Afro-American writers and makes a thorough exploration of the marginalized world—black women. In fact, when Morrison begins writing in the 1960s and 1970s, there is just a paucity of books about the black woman, and there is no fiction representing her experience: “this person, this female, this black did not exist center-self.”(Furman 6) Black women’s text, in America, Morrison notes, projects a wide gaze. “It’s not narrow, it’s very probing and it does not flinch,” and she is writing to “repossess, rename, renown.” (Furman 6)
The Bluest Eye is her first fiction and is the best that exemplifies her attitude and her moral consciousness. Through the story of Pecola, the marginalized little black girl, Morrison demonstrates the psychological disintegration of Pecola whose blackness is an affront to a society in which blue eyes are valued above all others, and the dislocation and loss of black culture with the corrosion of white mainstream culture, and more importantly, the tragedy of identification.
In fact, as Toni Morrison becomes one of America''s most celebrated contemporary authors, The Bluest Eye, published in 1970, has gained increasing attention from literary critics. Most of story is narrated by a young black girl, Claudia MacTeer, who is part of a poor but loving black family in Lorain, Ohio, in the 1940s. However, the primary focus of the novel is on Pecola Breedlove, another young black girl who lives in very different circumstances from Claudia and her sister. Not only is her mother Pauline distant and aloof, but her father Cholly Breedlove is also unreliable for any comfort or support, and instead he drinks excessively and later rapes Pecola. Because Pecola, just as her mother, yearns to be seen as beautiful, she longs for the blue eyes of the most admired child in the 1940s: Shirley Temple. After visiting Soaphead Church, a "spiritualist" who claims he can make Pecola''s eyes blue, Pecola believes that she has the bluest eyes in the world and now everyone will love her. Obviously, Pecola is the truest kind of victim. Unlike Claudia, who possesses the love of her family, Pecola is powerless to reject the unachievable values esteemed by those around her and finally descends into insanity. The Bluest Eye portrays the tragedy that results when African Americans have no resources to fight the standards presented to them by the white culture and when they lose cultural/ethic identity during the process of identification in the mainstream society
目录：
Abstract……..………………………………………………..……Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要……………………………….…………………………..…Ⅱ
关键词…..………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……1
I. The Rejection of the Mainstream Culture…..…………………………………..…3
II. The Tragedy of Pecola as the Result of the Identification of the Blacks………5
A. The Rejection of the Black Community………………………..….………..…..5
B. The Rejection of Her Parents……………………………………………….…..6
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……….…..10
Acknowledgements…………………………………………….………………..…..12
Bibliography……………………………………………………………….……….13
参考文献：
Furman, Jan. Toni Morrison’ s Fiction. Columbia S.C: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
Huggins, Nathani., Martin Kilson and Daniel M. Fox, ed. Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience . HBJ, 1971.
IaGuardia, Dolores and Hans P. Guth. American Voice. California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1998.
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Washington Square Press, 1970.
Rice, Herbert William. Toni Morrison and the American Tradition. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.
程锡麟，王哓路. 当代美国小说理论[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
高继海. 佩科拉的悲剧根源—评托妮莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》[J]. 河南大学学报：社会科学版，2001（3）.
潭瑛 彭颖. 扭曲与否定—谈托妮莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》[J]. 理论界，2006（2）.
王守仁，吴新云. 性别 种族 文化：托妮•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.
于雷. 论《最蓝的眼睛》中的双重悲剧结构[J]. 南京：南京理工大学学报：社会科学版，2004（3）.
张友伦，肖军，张聪. 美国社会的悖论[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999.
作者点评：
文化认同的悲剧
Therefore, Pecola’s tragedy is not only the result of the rejection of the white mainstream culture, but more importantly the inevitable consequence of identification. The blacks in the community believe that the ugliness “came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious, all-knowing master had given each one a cloak of ugliness to wear, and they had each accepted it without question. The master had said, ‘you are ugly people.’ They had looked about themselves and saw nothing to contradict the statement; saw, in fact, support for it leaning at them from every billboard, every movie, every glance. ‘Yes,’ they had said, ‘you are right.’”(Morrison 133) What is worse is that they bear in their mind that all civilizations derive from the white race, that none can exist without its help, and that, a society is great and brilliant only so far as it preserves the blood of the noble group (the white) that created it. Naturally, when they hear the tragedy of Pecola, “they were disgusted, amused, shocked, outraged, or even excited by the story.” (Morrison 148) The whole community is indifferent, “all of us—all who knew her—felt so wholesome after we cleaned ourselves on her. We were so beautiful when we stood astride her ugliness. Her simplicity decorated us, her guilt sanctified us, her pain make us glow with health, her awkwardness make us think us believe we were eloquent. Her poverty kept us generous. Even her waking dreams we used—to silence our own nightmares. And she let us, and thereby deserved our contempt….” (Morrison 159) In this sense, Pecola’s tragedy of identification is the tragedy of the whole community, and the whole black race in the American mainstream society.
Undoubtedly, just as her comments on The Bluest Eyes, “I believe, it is a book concerned about experiences, values and survival of the blacks”, (王守仁 吴新云 47) what Morrison, through the tragic story of Pecola, leads her reader to is the thought of how to identify between two cultures, how to fulfill an essential self in the community and the past, and how to cherish and promote the native culture, and it is the thought that brings much significance and more meaningful implications for The Bluest Eyes now in the age of globalization which stresses cultural pluralism and the coexistence of cultural differences.