社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位
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资料包括： 论文(22页6273字)
说明：
摘 要：在美国历史上，受歧视和压迫最深的，首推是黑人。在长达一世纪的时间里，黑人被剥夺了公民的基本权利，因此黑人也是最早起来争取自由和平等的。近年来，黑人通过不懈的努力已经获得相对平等的权利，但这并不意味着他们已经走出困境，摆脱了弱势群体的地位。
女性作为美国历史上的另一个弱势群体，她们仍然摆脱不了被歧视的遭遇。伴随着人权观念的产生，妇女为争取自己在社会上的平等权利，进行了长期不懈的斗争和努力，在某种程度上，也取得了一定的成效。我们知道从女权运动后，妇女的权利得到了法律的保证。
尽管社会迅速发展，作为黑人和妇女双重地位的美国黑人妇女也曾为美国做出了巨大的贡献，但仍摆脱不了被白人歧视的命运。本论文通过分析黑人女性当今的社会地位，读者能更好的理解黑人女性的艰辛，与此同时告诉我们不论什么皮肤的女性都应受到尊重。
关键词：黑人女性,种族歧视,性别歧视,阶级压迫
Abstract
It is known that the blacks were discriminated and oppressed in American history. Their basic rights were nearly deprived in one century, so the blacks were the earliest ones who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. In recent years, the blacks have gained relatively equal rights by their persevering efforts. But it doesn’t mean they are out of plights and get rid of status of vulnerable group.
Female, as another vulnerable group in USA, still can’t be free from the discrimination. With the emergence of the concept of human rights, women made great efforts to get their equal rights in the society, in a certain extent, they have made some achievements, and nowadays, those female rights have been displayed by the law after the Women’s Movement.
In spite of the rapid social development, the black women in the United States, as both black people and female, are still discriminated by the whites, though they have made great contributions to the nation. Through analysis of the social status of today’s black woman, readers can understand the hardship of black women better. At the same time, it tells us no matter what is the color of skin, women should be respected by everyone.
Key Words
Black women; racial discrimination; gender discrimination; class oppression
Introduction
With the social development in the 21st century, it seems out-of-date to continue an exploration for the female problems, such as rights and plights. But when asked about the situation of black women, on most of people’s minds, black women in the America keep mysterious all the time, it seems as if they are far from the brilliant female’s world. In fact, this standpoint is not correct.
Being the first black Congress woman in the U.S. history, Shirley Chisholm, presents a true picture of the two major social problems in the U.S. from her personal experience. They are racial discrimination and sexual discrimination. The article I’d Rather Be Black than Female written by Shirley Chisholm aims at raising the public’s awareness of sexual inequality for women. From it we can know that the black women’s conditions are not optimistic.
As both female and blacks, the black women have their own characters. On the one hand, they are tormented by social ostracism as a female. On the other hand, they are under the control of black men. A black feminist has once written that they are the tokenism in the black people’s world, and they become the tokenism in the female world. That’s to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are always neglected. They are just as token women even if they are mentioned sometimes. All of those anguishes are produced by the outside world, so they cannot blindly bear it, on the contrary, they should fight bravely for freedom, independence and human rights.
With these reasons and the reality of the black women, there are lots of people who are paying more attention to them. In addition, the researches on black women are scarce presently in our country, the black women become a new and old topic from this angle. 目录：
Abstract……..……………………I
Key Words………………………………………… I
摘要……………………….…………………………………..……II
关键词…………………………………………………………….……………….…..II
Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
I. Straits of the Present-Day Black Women……………………….…………..2
A. Dire Straits of the Black Men ….…………………..………………….2
B. Straits of the Female …………..………………………..……………………..3
C. Straits of Black Women .5
II. Analysis of the Reasons for Black Women’s Low Social Status…………………..6
A. Class Oppression………………………………………………………………..6
B. Racial Discrimination …………………………………………………………7
C. Gender Discrimination………………………………………………8
III. Methods of Helping Black Women out of Straits ………………………………..10
A. Recovery of Economic and Spiritual Independence……… …………………..10
B. Uniting Black Men and Women ……………………………………………….11
C. Eliminating Racial Problems……………………………………….12
Conclusion……………………………………………….…….……….…………….14
Acknowledgements………………………………………………..…………………15
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….………16
参考文献：
Clark Hine, Darlene Clark, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. N.Y.: Brooklyn, Carlson Pub., 1993.
Hacker Andrew．Two nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal.
New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.
James Bert, Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin. Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American life: Their words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.
Quashie Kevin Everod. Black Women, Identity, and Cultural Theory (un)becoming the Subject. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
St Jean Yanick and Joe R Feagin. Double Burden Black Women and Everyday Racism. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.
Walker Jamie. 101 Ways Black Women can Learn to Love Themselves: A Gift for Women of all Ages. Washington, D.C.: J.D. Pub., 2002.
West Carolyn M.. Violence in the Lives of Black Women: Battered, Black, and Blue. New York: Haworth Press, 2002.
White Adam. The Interracial Dating Book for Black Women Who Want to Date White Men. Parkland, Fla : Universal Publishers, 1999.
纳德．W．贝尔．非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传说［M］. 成都：四川人民出版社，2000.
冯泽辉．美国文化综述［M］．成都：四川人民出版社，2002.
何树，李培锋 等著．追梦美国人［M］．成都：四川人民出版社，2001.
嵇敏. 论19世纪美国黑人女性书写的社会性和政治性［J］.外国文学研究,第3期(2004).
江宁康．美国社会与文化［M］．福建：东南大学出版社，2004.
(美) 乔治•华盛顿 等著，翰林 编译. 感动一个国家的文字［M］. 哈尔滨: 哈尔出版社, 2004.
[15] 王波. 美国历史与文化选读［M］. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.
[16] 王军，陈雅洁．当代美国黑人女性文学与批评研究［Ｊ］．吉林师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）,第3期(2006).
[17] 夏普．黑人妇女入门［M］．上海：东方出版社，1998.
[18] 徐翰林. 感动一个国家的文字［M］．哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社，2004.
[19] 杨清波．美国黑人女性文学发展概观［Ｊ］．烟台师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版）第3期(2005).
作者点评：
社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位
The problem, stirring in the minds of so many American women today, is not only a matter of loss of femininity or too much education, or the demands of domesticity, but shaking the men-dominated society off and becoming spiritual independent.
It is known that the world consists of men and women, human beings live in the same world and should have the same rights. At the same time, they should devote themselves to the world. Some people who have bad viewpoints of racial discrimination and sexual discrimination should change their minds. Those people who even don''t know that others are suffering and also have done some bad things to the black women should realize the importance of black women’s rights.
Through the long history, it could be seen that the black people in the US were unequally treated in nearly four hundred years. For the whites, the black people were just slaves who were used as tools. Black women contributed what they could afford to American prosperity. The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, and other aspects of employment on the basis of race, but today, the black women’s social status is still lower than others so that they can be called “underclass in the underclass” in American society.
资料包括： 论文(22页6273字)
说明：
摘 要：在美国历史上，受歧视和压迫最深的，首推是黑人。在长达一世纪的时间里，黑人被剥夺了公民的基本权利，因此黑人也是最早起来争取自由和平等的。近年来，黑人通过不懈的努力已经获得相对平等的权利，但这并不意味着他们已经走出困境，摆脱了弱势群体的地位。
女性作为美国历史上的另一个弱势群体，她们仍然摆脱不了被歧视的遭遇。伴随着人权观念的产生，妇女为争取自己在社会上的平等权利，进行了长期不懈的斗争和努力，在某种程度上，也取得了一定的成效。我们知道从女权运动后，妇女的权利得到了法律的保证。
尽管社会迅速发展，作为黑人和妇女双重地位的美国黑人妇女也曾为美国做出了巨大的贡献，但仍摆脱不了被白人歧视的命运。本论文通过分析黑人女性当今的社会地位，读者能更好的理解黑人女性的艰辛，与此同时告诉我们不论什么皮肤的女性都应受到尊重。
关键词：黑人女性,种族歧视,性别歧视,阶级压迫
Abstract
It is known that the blacks were discriminated and oppressed in American history. Their basic rights were nearly deprived in one century, so the blacks were the earliest ones who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. In recent years, the blacks have gained relatively equal rights by their persevering efforts. But it doesn’t mean they are out of plights and get rid of status of vulnerable group.
Female, as another vulnerable group in USA, still can’t be free from the discrimination. With the emergence of the concept of human rights, women made great efforts to get their equal rights in the society, in a certain extent, they have made some achievements, and nowadays, those female rights have been displayed by the law after the Women’s Movement.
In spite of the rapid social development, the black women in the United States, as both black people and female, are still discriminated by the whites, though they have made great contributions to the nation. Through analysis of the social status of today’s black woman, readers can understand the hardship of black women better. At the same time, it tells us no matter what is the color of skin, women should be respected by everyone.
Key Words
Black women; racial discrimination; gender discrimination; class oppression
Introduction
With the social development in the 21st century, it seems out-of-date to continue an exploration for the female problems, such as rights and plights. But when asked about the situation of black women, on most of people’s minds, black women in the America keep mysterious all the time, it seems as if they are far from the brilliant female’s world. In fact, this standpoint is not correct.
Being the first black Congress woman in the U.S. history, Shirley Chisholm, presents a true picture of the two major social problems in the U.S. from her personal experience. They are racial discrimination and sexual discrimination. The article I’d Rather Be Black than Female written by Shirley Chisholm aims at raising the public’s awareness of sexual inequality for women. From it we can know that the black women’s conditions are not optimistic.
As both female and blacks, the black women have their own characters. On the one hand, they are tormented by social ostracism as a female. On the other hand, they are under the control of black men. A black feminist has once written that they are the tokenism in the black people’s world, and they become the tokenism in the female world. That’s to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are always neglected. They are just as token women even if they are mentioned sometimes. All of those anguishes are produced by the outside world, so they cannot blindly bear it, on the contrary, they should fight bravely for freedom, independence and human rights.
With these reasons and the reality of the black women, there are lots of people who are paying more attention to them. In addition, the researches on black women are scarce presently in our country, the black women become a new and old topic from this angle. 目录：
Abstract……..……………………I
Key Words………………………………………… I
摘要……………………….…………………………………..……II
关键词…………………………………………………………….……………….…..II
Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
I. Straits of the Present-Day Black Women……………………….…………..2
A. Dire Straits of the Black Men ….…………………..………………….2
B. Straits of the Female …………..………………………..……………………..3
C. Straits of Black Women .5
II. Analysis of the Reasons for Black Women’s Low Social Status…………………..6
A. Class Oppression………………………………………………………………..6
B. Racial Discrimination …………………………………………………………7
C. Gender Discrimination………………………………………………8
III. Methods of Helping Black Women out of Straits ………………………………..10
A. Recovery of Economic and Spiritual Independence……… …………………..10
B. Uniting Black Men and Women ……………………………………………….11
C. Eliminating Racial Problems……………………………………….12
Conclusion……………………………………………….…….……….…………….14
Acknowledgements………………………………………………..…………………15
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….………16
参考文献：
Clark Hine, Darlene Clark, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. N.Y.: Brooklyn, Carlson Pub., 1993.
Hacker Andrew．Two nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal.
New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.
James Bert, Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin. Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American life: Their words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.
Quashie Kevin Everod. Black Women, Identity, and Cultural Theory (un)becoming the Subject. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
St Jean Yanick and Joe R Feagin. Double Burden Black Women and Everyday Racism. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.
Walker Jamie. 101 Ways Black Women can Learn to Love Themselves: A Gift for Women of all Ages. Washington, D.C.: J.D. Pub., 2002.
West Carolyn M.. Violence in the Lives of Black Women: Battered, Black, and Blue. New York: Haworth Press, 2002.
White Adam. The Interracial Dating Book for Black Women Who Want to Date White Men. Parkland, Fla : Universal Publishers, 1999.
纳德．W．贝尔．非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传说［M］. 成都：四川人民出版社，2000.
冯泽辉．美国文化综述［M］．成都：四川人民出版社，2002.
何树，李培锋 等著．追梦美国人［M］．成都：四川人民出版社，2001.
嵇敏. 论19世纪美国黑人女性书写的社会性和政治性［J］.外国文学研究,第3期(2004).
江宁康．美国社会与文化［M］．福建：东南大学出版社，2004.
(美) 乔治•华盛顿 等著，翰林 编译. 感动一个国家的文字［M］. 哈尔滨: 哈尔出版社, 2004.
[15] 王波. 美国历史与文化选读［M］. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.
[16] 王军，陈雅洁．当代美国黑人女性文学与批评研究［Ｊ］．吉林师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）,第3期(2006).
[17] 夏普．黑人妇女入门［M］．上海：东方出版社，1998.
[18] 徐翰林. 感动一个国家的文字［M］．哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社，2004.
[19] 杨清波．美国黑人女性文学发展概观［Ｊ］．烟台师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版）第3期(2005).
作者点评：
社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位
The problem, stirring in the minds of so many American women today, is not only a matter of loss of femininity or too much education, or the demands of domesticity, but shaking the men-dominated society off and becoming spiritual independent.
It is known that the world consists of men and women, human beings live in the same world and should have the same rights. At the same time, they should devote themselves to the world. Some people who have bad viewpoints of racial discrimination and sexual discrimination should change their minds. Those people who even don''t know that others are suffering and also have done some bad things to the black women should realize the importance of black women’s rights.
Through the long history, it could be seen that the black people in the US were unequally treated in nearly four hundred years. For the whites, the black people were just slaves who were used as tools. Black women contributed what they could afford to American prosperity. The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, and other aspects of employment on the basis of race, but today, the black women’s social status is still lower than others so that they can be called “underclass in the underclass” in American society.