《老人与海》象征主义探究
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资料包括： 论文(23页7543字)
说明：
摘 要：被威谦、福克纳誉为“这代人最优秀的一个单篇”的《老人与海》是硬汉子海明威的力作，而对于《老人与海》的象征主义，评论界各执已见，海明威本人的解释也模棱两可。而小说中主人翁桑提亚哥和生存环境、大海、鲨鱼、小孩等角色实际上并非角色本身，表面上简单的角色及故事情节有着深刻的象征意义，所以笔者希望从文章的主人公、其生存环境等各个方面对其象征主义进行剖析、总结和归纳《老人与海》的象征手法以及海明威的人生观在各象征因素中的体现,以期能帮助读者更好地理解这部作品。
关键词：海明威,象征因素,冰山原理,生存环境, 人生观
Abstract
The Old Man and the Sea, praised by a famous writer as “the most excellent simple article in this generation”, is a masterpiece of the unyielding man—Hemingway. But with regard to the symbolism, it has been talked differently, and was equivocal in the explanation by Hemingway himself. The Protagonist, the living environment, the sea, the Shark, the Marlin are not themselves but have significant symbolical meaning. Here the author will analyze its symbolism thoroughly through some aspects such as the leading character，the living environment and Hemingway’s philosophy of life reflected by the symbols, with a view to help the reader get a better understanding of Ernest Hemingway''s masterpiece．
Key Words
Ernest Hemingway; the symbolic factors; iceberg theory; the living environment； philosophy of life
Introduction
Regarded as a giant both in American literature and the world literature, Ernest Hemingway was born on July21, 1898, at Oak Park, Illinois. In the childhood, influenced by his father, Hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the like.
His variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experience. Taking adventures also plays a vital role in his life and for the reason that he experienced the two world wars. As a noticeable representative of the “Lost Generation”, Hemingway published the books of this sort, The Sun Also Rises at the age of 26. Because the book chiefly deals with the living attitude of the post-war generation, especially the lives of those wounded soldiers and the loneliness and disillusionment of the modern people whose ideal was shattered at the time when “God is dead”, they thought life was nothing and meaningless. In this case, Hemingway became the spokesperson for the The Lost Generation.
Actually the parable of a man’s struggle against the nature, The Old Man and The Sea was published in 1952. Acknowledged as his best works, the novel reinvigorated Hemingway’s literary reputation after the violent attacks，he received from Across the River and Into the Tress. The positive reaction that followed the novel included praise not only from the reviewers but also from a board spectrum of the mass, from ordinary readers to fellow men of letters. The publishing of this work showed that Hemingway had shown he could still achieve a major triumph, whether or not the reviewers and critics or the public could appreciate the true value of his achievement. The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and Hemingway’s famous iceberg technique, which is a simple but highly suggestive style, was vividly embodied in the work, thus he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要………….…………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………….…Ⅱ
Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
Ⅰ.Introduction to the Background……………………………………..2
Ⅱ. The Symbolism in the Works………………………………………..3
A. The Definition of Symbolism…………………………………………….3
B. Major Symbols in The Old Man and the sea…………………….4
1. The Old Man—the Best Expression to “the Unyielding Character” …….4
2. The Boy—the Best Supplement for “the Unyielding Character”…………….6
3. The Sea—the Symbol of Hemingway’s Survival Environment……7
4. The Shark—A Powerful Deputy of the Evil Force………………..9
5. The Marlin—the Symbol of Achievement…………………10
6. Other Symbolical Factors…………………………………………11
III. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life Reflected by the Symbols in The Old Man and the Sea……………………………………………………………………………12
A. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life in The Old Man and the Sea………………12
B. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Society Reflected through the Symbol of the
Sea. …………………………………………………………………………………13
C. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Enemy Reflected through the Symbol of the Shark..……………………………………………………………………………13
D. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Achievements Reflected through the Symbol of the Marline………………………………………………………………………14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….15
Acknowledgements………………………………………………….16
Notes………………………………………………………………………17
Bibliography………………………………………………………………18
参考文献：
Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story [M]. New York: Scribner, 1969.
Berman, Ronald. Fitzgerald-Wilson-Hemingway :Language and Experi-ence[M]. Tuscalo-osa: University of Alabama Press, 2003.
High, Peter B. An Outline of American Literature[M]. London: Longman, 1986.
Rossetti, Gina M.. Imagining the Primitive in Naturalist and Modernist Lliterature[M]. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation[M].Dover: Dover Pubns, 1969.
Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea [M]. Shang hai Yi Wen Press,2003.
Vernon, Alex. Soldiers once and still: Ernest Hemingway [M].Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2004.
Wylder, Delbert E. Hemingway’ heroes[M]. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1969.
常耀信.美国文学简史（第二版）[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2003年.
刁邵华.海明威[M].辽宁人民出版社，1980年.
杜隽. 海明威与存在主义[J]. 外国文学研究, 2000(4): 71-76.
傅景春.美国20世纪小说史[M].吉林教育出版社，1996年.
黄源生译.老人与海（双语版）[M].南京：译林出版社，2007年.
刘心武主编.老人与海（导读版）[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005年.
[15] 苏顺强. 论海明威的虚无思想[J]. 外国文学研究, 2000(1): 131-135.
[16] 于冬云. 硬汉神话与生命伦理口[J]. 外国文学评论, 2000(2): 44-51.
作者点评：
《老人与海》象征主义探究
To sum up, symbolism is a noted writing characteristic in The Old Man and the Sea. The old man, the sea, the marlin, the lions and so on and so forth, to a large degree has deep symbolic meanings respectively. I venture to say that the book is like a complex building built with unaccountable symbols. One can get different kinds of interpretations in accordance with a variety of points of views. And one also attains different kinds of symbols from several respects. In addition, by using symbolism Hemingway succeeded in reaching his goal of conveying the main theme of the story-courage is a way leading to success. In other words, a man can be destroyed but not be defeated.
Both readers and critics give the works—The Old Man and the Sea so high comment just because of the artful and successful use of symbolism. The title is a symbol that the old man stands for the human beings and the sea symbolizes nature, the simple story could be eyed as a metaphor of a struggle between man and nature. Just as Hemingway once spoke highly of his artistic achievement in the great work that The Old Man and the Sea is the only best work during his lifelong literary creation．The work is also rewarded as the best magnum opus for symbolism.
资料包括： 论文(23页7543字)
说明：
摘 要：被威谦、福克纳誉为“这代人最优秀的一个单篇”的《老人与海》是硬汉子海明威的力作，而对于《老人与海》的象征主义，评论界各执已见，海明威本人的解释也模棱两可。而小说中主人翁桑提亚哥和生存环境、大海、鲨鱼、小孩等角色实际上并非角色本身，表面上简单的角色及故事情节有着深刻的象征意义，所以笔者希望从文章的主人公、其生存环境等各个方面对其象征主义进行剖析、总结和归纳《老人与海》的象征手法以及海明威的人生观在各象征因素中的体现,以期能帮助读者更好地理解这部作品。
关键词：海明威,象征因素,冰山原理,生存环境, 人生观
Abstract
The Old Man and the Sea, praised by a famous writer as “the most excellent simple article in this generation”, is a masterpiece of the unyielding man—Hemingway. But with regard to the symbolism, it has been talked differently, and was equivocal in the explanation by Hemingway himself. The Protagonist, the living environment, the sea, the Shark, the Marlin are not themselves but have significant symbolical meaning. Here the author will analyze its symbolism thoroughly through some aspects such as the leading character，the living environment and Hemingway’s philosophy of life reflected by the symbols, with a view to help the reader get a better understanding of Ernest Hemingway''s masterpiece．
Key Words
Ernest Hemingway; the symbolic factors; iceberg theory; the living environment； philosophy of life
Introduction
Regarded as a giant both in American literature and the world literature, Ernest Hemingway was born on July21, 1898, at Oak Park, Illinois. In the childhood, influenced by his father, Hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the like.
His variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experience. Taking adventures also plays a vital role in his life and for the reason that he experienced the two world wars. As a noticeable representative of the “Lost Generation”, Hemingway published the books of this sort, The Sun Also Rises at the age of 26. Because the book chiefly deals with the living attitude of the post-war generation, especially the lives of those wounded soldiers and the loneliness and disillusionment of the modern people whose ideal was shattered at the time when “God is dead”, they thought life was nothing and meaningless. In this case, Hemingway became the spokesperson for the The Lost Generation.
Actually the parable of a man’s struggle against the nature, The Old Man and The Sea was published in 1952. Acknowledged as his best works, the novel reinvigorated Hemingway’s literary reputation after the violent attacks，he received from Across the River and Into the Tress. The positive reaction that followed the novel included praise not only from the reviewers but also from a board spectrum of the mass, from ordinary readers to fellow men of letters. The publishing of this work showed that Hemingway had shown he could still achieve a major triumph, whether or not the reviewers and critics or the public could appreciate the true value of his achievement. The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and Hemingway’s famous iceberg technique, which is a simple but highly suggestive style, was vividly embodied in the work, thus he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要………….…………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………….…Ⅱ
Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
Ⅰ.Introduction to the Background……………………………………..2
Ⅱ. The Symbolism in the Works………………………………………..3
A. The Definition of Symbolism…………………………………………….3
B. Major Symbols in The Old Man and the sea…………………….4
1. The Old Man—the Best Expression to “the Unyielding Character” …….4
2. The Boy—the Best Supplement for “the Unyielding Character”…………….6
3. The Sea—the Symbol of Hemingway’s Survival Environment……7
4. The Shark—A Powerful Deputy of the Evil Force………………..9
5. The Marlin—the Symbol of Achievement…………………10
6. Other Symbolical Factors…………………………………………11
III. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life Reflected by the Symbols in The Old Man and the Sea……………………………………………………………………………12
A. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life in The Old Man and the Sea………………12
B. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Society Reflected through the Symbol of the
Sea. …………………………………………………………………………………13
C. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Enemy Reflected through the Symbol of the Shark..……………………………………………………………………………13
D. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Achievements Reflected through the Symbol of the Marline………………………………………………………………………14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….15
Acknowledgements………………………………………………….16
Notes………………………………………………………………………17
Bibliography………………………………………………………………18
参考文献：
Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story [M]. New York: Scribner, 1969.
Berman, Ronald. Fitzgerald-Wilson-Hemingway :Language and Experi-ence[M]. Tuscalo-osa: University of Alabama Press, 2003.
High, Peter B. An Outline of American Literature[M]. London: Longman, 1986.
Rossetti, Gina M.. Imagining the Primitive in Naturalist and Modernist Lliterature[M]. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation[M].Dover: Dover Pubns, 1969.
Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea [M]. Shang hai Yi Wen Press,2003.
Vernon, Alex. Soldiers once and still: Ernest Hemingway [M].Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2004.
Wylder, Delbert E. Hemingway’ heroes[M]. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1969.
常耀信.美国文学简史（第二版）[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2003年.
刁邵华.海明威[M].辽宁人民出版社，1980年.
杜隽. 海明威与存在主义[J]. 外国文学研究, 2000(4): 71-76.
傅景春.美国20世纪小说史[M].吉林教育出版社，1996年.
黄源生译.老人与海（双语版）[M].南京：译林出版社，2007年.
刘心武主编.老人与海（导读版）[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005年.
[15] 苏顺强. 论海明威的虚无思想[J]. 外国文学研究, 2000(1): 131-135.
[16] 于冬云. 硬汉神话与生命伦理口[J]. 外国文学评论, 2000(2): 44-51.
作者点评：
《老人与海》象征主义探究
To sum up, symbolism is a noted writing characteristic in The Old Man and the Sea. The old man, the sea, the marlin, the lions and so on and so forth, to a large degree has deep symbolic meanings respectively. I venture to say that the book is like a complex building built with unaccountable symbols. One can get different kinds of interpretations in accordance with a variety of points of views. And one also attains different kinds of symbols from several respects. In addition, by using symbolism Hemingway succeeded in reaching his goal of conveying the main theme of the story-courage is a way leading to success. In other words, a man can be destroyed but not be defeated.
Both readers and critics give the works—The Old Man and the Sea so high comment just because of the artful and successful use of symbolism. The title is a symbol that the old man stands for the human beings and the sea symbolizes nature, the simple story could be eyed as a metaphor of a struggle between man and nature. Just as Hemingway once spoke highly of his artistic achievement in the great work that The Old Man and the Sea is the only best work during his lifelong literary creation．The work is also rewarded as the best magnum opus for symbolism.