《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析
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资料包括： 论文(19页5024字)
说明：
摘 要：托马斯．哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，《德伯家的苔丝》是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的，是一个时代思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的结果。除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：苔丝的悲剧; 社会环境; 家庭环境；伦理道德; 个体性格
Abstract
Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.
Key Words
Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character
Introduction
Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in prose in the history of English literature. Though Hardy mainly writes about the common country people in Wessex, southwestern part of England, he shows grandeur and dignity in his tragedies similar to what we find in Greek tragedy and his grave and elaborate style contributes to the tragic sense of life. Hardy is remarkable for his tremendous power of producing tragedies comparable to classic tragedies.
Tess was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursuit individual happiness right, but the power forces of society can’t letting off a weak girl, in the end caused her tragedy. In this novel, the great intense counter- religion, ant feudal moral, counter- bourgeoisie law tendency，although meet opposition in the English upper society, received loving of the common readers. Research this novel can let us know the view of morality and ethic in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britain''s Victorian era, Tess’s tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the stable view of women chastity in the society which male is center. In sharp opposition this view when Hardy guiding Tess’s behave of mind, the critique spear point refers society and Christian church which protect this view. We are feeling that imaging put writer’s discussion in the Britain''s Victorian era more than one hundred years ago , we amazing the avant-garde mind of Hardy, he melted this kind of mind at times when he create Tess this character, from that only then entrusts with this image richer connotation and the more profound social critique. This book became the one of the most great works in the late of Victorian era, because it boldly expose hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century caused impoverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England .
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………..……….Ⅱ
关键词……………………………………………………………………………..….Ⅱ
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
I. Introduction to Thomas Hardy….…………………….………….……………..2
II. Background of the Novel ………………………………………………………..3
III. Two Deep Stratifications of Tess’s Tragedy ……………………………………..4
A. Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy …. …………………………………4
1. Family Background of Tess ……………………………………….…………..4
2. Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System……..………5
3. Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers ……………………..…………6
B. Characters’ Analysis in the Novel..…………………………….………………6
1. Tess’s Character ……………………………………………………………6
2. Alec and Clare’s Characters…………………………………………………9
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…….…….12
Acknowledgements…………………………..……………….…………………13
Bibliography………………………………………….……………….………..….14
参考文献：
［1］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2004.
［2］Chenxia.. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” ［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998.
［3］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing Teachers’ College, 2005.
［4］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］. Journal of Chaohu College, 2004.
［5］YuYang. From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess. Beijing: ShangWu Press, 1971.
［6］陈焘宇编选：《哈代创作论集》，北京，中国社会科学出版社，1982.
［7］张中载，《托马斯哈代――思想和创作》， 外语教学与研究出版社 ，1987.
［8］霍恩比著.李北达译：《牛津高阶汉英双解词典》，北京：商务出版社，2002.
［9］张世君，《<德伯家的苔丝>鉴赏》,重庆出版社, 1986.
［10］苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983.
［11］欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年.
［12］秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005.
［13］姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报. 2003.
［14］杨周翰、吴达之、赵萝蕤，《欧洲文学史》，人民文学出版社，1979年10 月.
作者点评：
《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析
A lot of reflection was left by Hardy through his creation of Tess’s tragedy. Tess was a strong woman throughout the novel. She stood up for herself and refused to crumble under pressure. It is true Tess should deserve respect because of enduring a great deal of pain. Yet, for her tragedy, it is not proper to blame solely on the unequal society that Tess lived in. Reading over this book, maybe someone think if does not have such unexpected event; perhaps Tess has the happy life and safely completes her life, but there are some factors which could not think in her each important life stage, these factors cause her tragedy. In actually, this was the time which she lived and her natural weakness invested her in this poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Face such a serious situation, her individuality weakness suits the accomplice.
In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman''s image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring
资料包括： 论文(19页5024字)
说明：
摘 要：托马斯．哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，《德伯家的苔丝》是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的，是一个时代思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的结果。除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：苔丝的悲剧; 社会环境; 家庭环境；伦理道德; 个体性格
Abstract
Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.
Key Words
Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character
Introduction
Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in prose in the history of English literature. Though Hardy mainly writes about the common country people in Wessex, southwestern part of England, he shows grandeur and dignity in his tragedies similar to what we find in Greek tragedy and his grave and elaborate style contributes to the tragic sense of life. Hardy is remarkable for his tremendous power of producing tragedies comparable to classic tragedies.
Tess was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursuit individual happiness right, but the power forces of society can’t letting off a weak girl, in the end caused her tragedy. In this novel, the great intense counter- religion, ant feudal moral, counter- bourgeoisie law tendency，although meet opposition in the English upper society, received loving of the common readers. Research this novel can let us know the view of morality and ethic in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britain''s Victorian era, Tess’s tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the stable view of women chastity in the society which male is center. In sharp opposition this view when Hardy guiding Tess’s behave of mind, the critique spear point refers society and Christian church which protect this view. We are feeling that imaging put writer’s discussion in the Britain''s Victorian era more than one hundred years ago , we amazing the avant-garde mind of Hardy, he melted this kind of mind at times when he create Tess this character, from that only then entrusts with this image richer connotation and the more profound social critique. This book became the one of the most great works in the late of Victorian era, because it boldly expose hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century caused impoverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England .
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………..……….Ⅱ
关键词……………………………………………………………………………..….Ⅱ
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
I. Introduction to Thomas Hardy….…………………….………….……………..2
II. Background of the Novel ………………………………………………………..3
III. Two Deep Stratifications of Tess’s Tragedy ……………………………………..4
A. Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy …. …………………………………4
1. Family Background of Tess ……………………………………….…………..4
2. Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System……..………5
3. Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers ……………………..…………6
B. Characters’ Analysis in the Novel..…………………………….………………6
1. Tess’s Character ……………………………………………………………6
2. Alec and Clare’s Characters…………………………………………………9
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…….…….12
Acknowledgements…………………………..……………….…………………13
Bibliography………………………………………….……………….………..….14
参考文献：
［1］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2004.
［2］Chenxia.. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” ［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998.
［3］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing Teachers’ College, 2005.
［4］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］. Journal of Chaohu College, 2004.
［5］YuYang. From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess. Beijing: ShangWu Press, 1971.
［6］陈焘宇编选：《哈代创作论集》，北京，中国社会科学出版社，1982.
［7］张中载，《托马斯哈代――思想和创作》， 外语教学与研究出版社 ，1987.
［8］霍恩比著.李北达译：《牛津高阶汉英双解词典》，北京：商务出版社，2002.
［9］张世君，《<德伯家的苔丝>鉴赏》,重庆出版社, 1986.
［10］苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983.
［11］欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年.
［12］秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005.
［13］姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报. 2003.
［14］杨周翰、吴达之、赵萝蕤，《欧洲文学史》，人民文学出版社，1979年10 月.
作者点评：
《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析
A lot of reflection was left by Hardy through his creation of Tess’s tragedy. Tess was a strong woman throughout the novel. She stood up for herself and refused to crumble under pressure. It is true Tess should deserve respect because of enduring a great deal of pain. Yet, for her tragedy, it is not proper to blame solely on the unequal society that Tess lived in. Reading over this book, maybe someone think if does not have such unexpected event; perhaps Tess has the happy life and safely completes her life, but there are some factors which could not think in her each important life stage, these factors cause her tragedy. In actually, this was the time which she lived and her natural weakness invested her in this poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Face such a serious situation, her individuality weakness suits the accomplice.
In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman''s image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring