苔丝的反叛精神
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资料包括： 论文(24页6736字)
说明：
摘 要：《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯.哈代最杰出的悲剧作品。论文叙述了小说中女主人公反叛的原因和特征。一方面，人类的本性促使苔丝对她的命运进行抗争。苔丝强烈地希望得到幸福也许就是她强大勇气和道德力量的来源。同时文章分析了女主人公反叛的坚决性和软弱性，而表面的软弱性是为反叛意识的觉醒和高贵人格的体现作铺垫，从而反衬作品的主题思想和价值意义，进一步验证了维多利亚时代的英格兰对女性的不公平对待。因此，这样一个反叛是不可避免的。
关键词： ，反叛，自尊，坚决性，女性觉醒，女性意识
Abstract
Tess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as the most successful tragic masterpiece of Thomas Hardy. In this thesis, the author tries to analyze the revolt of Tess in two main aspects: reasons for the rebellion and characters of the rebellion. The former one is caused by human’s instinct and nature. The human instinct leads Tess to opposing her fate. Tess’s healthy desire simply to be happy is perhaps the source of her great courage and moral strength. The latter takes on the resolution and cowardliness of the rebellion, and the surface of the cowardliness of the rebellion is the awakening of consciousness and noble personality, which foils the novel’s theme and its value and further illustrates the injustice for female in Victorian England. So such a rebellion is impossible to be avoided.
Key Words
Rebellion; self-respect; resolution; women awakening; women consciousness
Introduction
Thomas Hardy, who was born on June 2, 1840, is one of the greatest writers in the history of English literature, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his most successful novels. Hardy cannot solely be labeled a Victorian novelist, nor can he be categorized simply as a Modernist. As a traditional writer, he was determined to explode the conventions of nineteenth-century literature and built a new kind of novel in its place. In many respects, Hardy was trapped in the middle ground between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, between Victorian sensibilities and more modern ones, and between tradition and innovation. Tess of the d’ Urbervilles was published in 1891. It is generally regarded as Hardy’s tragic masterpiece, and certainly it is his most ambitious tragic novel. Though is it, there are also many heartening passages hiding in the article. In this novel, Hardy demonstrates his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s lower classes, particularly for rural women. He became famous for his compassionate, often controversial portrayal of young women victimized by the self-righteous rigidity of English social morality.
A pure and loyal young woman, also intelligent, strikingly attractive, and distinguished by her deep moral sensitivity, and passionate intensity, Tess is the central character of the novel. But her inexperience and lack of wise parenting leave her extremely vulnerable. In Tess’s time, England is making its slow and painful transition from an old-fashioned, agricultural nation to a modern, industrial one. The society is full of tremendous changes in almost every respect. More and more peasants become impoverished and live a miserable life. Workers produce beyond subsistence. Therefore, her life is complicated when her father discovers a link to the noble link of the d’Urbervilles, and, as a result, Tess is sent to work at the d’Urberville mansion. Unfortunately, her ideals cannot prevent her from sliding further and further into misfortune after she becomes pregnant by Alec. Then, because of strong love and purity, she does not want to cheat Clare. With the hope of
mercy, she tells all her past. But, so tragedy for her, just the man who says to love her deeply abandons his troth, and refuses her explanations absolutely in the bridal evening. From now on, Clare does not contact with Tess in a long time, no matter how she is difficult. As a simple country girl, with a lot of misfortune, Tess finally decides to rebel against common customs bravely after she tries hardest to be good, her bad luck which is caused by other’s mistakes conspires to get her into trouble, as condemnation by the society and discard by her husband. All of these is too injustice to endure, so the rebellion cannot be avoided, no more than a time matter.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………..…………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………….….Ⅰ
摘要……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………….….Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………..…..……..1
I. Different Reasons for the Rebellion of Tess………………….……………….3
A. Reasons for Subsistence………………………………..………….…………3
1. A Hard Life for Peasants………………………………………..……..….3
2. Unequal Morality for Female……………….……………………..….3
3. Male Domination of Women…..………………………………..…..…….4
4. Class Oppression…….…………………………………..…………….……5
B. Reasons for Her Nature……….……………………………………..…….…6
1. Her Sense of Responsibility………………….………………..……….6
2. Self-respect………………………………………………………….……6
3. Her Aggressive Character……………………..……………………..……..6
II. Two Characters of the Rebellion ………………………………..………………..8
A. Her Character of Resolution………………………………….……….……8
1. Never Yield to Pressure from the Society ….…………………….………8
2. Keeping Apartness to Alec and Killing Him Finally ………………9
B. Her Character of Cowardliness…………………………………….………..10
1. Her Love for Clare ………………….………………………………….10
2. Her Second Stay with Alec ………………………………….…….…….12
3. Her Original Opinions and Fantasy………………………….…….…….13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………15
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..…..16
Notes……………………………………………………………………..………..17
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………18
参考文献：
Ackerman, Robert. Thomas Hardy′s Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996.
Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind. London: Macmillan, 1993.
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992.
Hardy, Thomas. A Study of His Novels. Wuhan: Central China Normal University Press, 1992.
哈代（Hardy,T.）著，陈雅莉译. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 北京：中央编译出版社，2004.
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 西安：世界图书出版公司西安公司，1997.
Kramer, Dale. Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979.
Kramer, Dale. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Williams, Merryn. 哈代导读. 北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
Widdowson, Peter. Thomas Hardy and matters of gender. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. Dale Kramer, ed. 上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
朱永涛. Essentials of British and American Cultures. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991.
Zhang Zhongzai. Thomas Hardy: Thoughts and Creation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research press,1987.
陈惇. 西方文学史[M]. 成都：四川人民出版社，2003.
刁纯志. 外国文学名著导读[M]. 成都：四川人出版社，2001.
[15] 范传新,钱奇佳. 外国文学史[M]. 合肥：安徽大学出版社，2004.
[16] 富华. 活在名著中的女性[M]. 银川：宁夏人民出版社，2004.
[17] 格兰特著，乔和鸣等译. 文学的历史[M]. 太原：希望出版社，2003.
[18] 哈代（Hardy,T.）著，（英）韦斯特（West,C.）改写，苏苗苗译. 苔丝[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997.
[19] 哈代（Hardy,T.）著, 雷芳译. 苔丝[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
[20] 哈代著，孙致礼,唐慧心译. 苔丝[M]. 北京：北京燕山出版社，2000.
[21] 黄利玲. 爱敦荒原上的一颗璀璨的明珠——苔丝魅力之再观照[J]. 景德镇高专学报, 2002,(3).
[22] 韩明. 苔丝悲剧成因探究[J]. 河南教育学院学报, 2001,(1).
[23] 李超，邓兴义. 新编英美概况[M]. 汕头：汕头大学出版社，2004.
[24] 刘茂生. 近20年国内哈代小说研究述评[J]. 外国文学研究, 2004,(6).
[25] 马克飞,林明根. 世界文学经典导读[M]. 海口：海南出版社，时代文艺出版社,2005.
[26] 王藜. 解读“德伯家的苔丝”中的女性意识[J]. 新疆师范大学学报, 2005,(4).
[27] 王敏. 哈代与女性主义运动——从女性主义视角分析《德伯家的苔丝》[J]. 涪陵师范学院学报, 2004,(6).
[28] 王新春. 《德伯家的苔丝》中的苔丝悲惨命运的根源[J]. 黑龙江教育学院学报, 2004,(6).
[29] 熊锋华. 男权社会下的悲剧——读《德伯家的苔丝》[J]. 重庆工业高等专科学校学报, 2004,(5).
[30] 杨道云. 试论苔丝的叛逆者形象[J]. 许昌师专学报, 1999,(4).
[31] 杨国翰,吴达元,赵罗蕤. 欧洲文学史[M]. 北京：人民文学出版社，1982.
[32] 朱海燕. 《德伯家的苔丝》的伦理学探析[J]. 语文学刊, 2006,(3).
[33] 郑克鲁. 外国文学史[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1999.
[34] 张岩冰. 女权主义文论[M]. 济南：山东教育出版社，1998.
[35] 谭晓援. 社会﹑人性﹑人生：苔丝的悲剧剖析[J]. 成都教育学院学报, 2002,(11).
作者点评：
苔丝的反叛精神
Many people based on the purity of the pure innocence, no selfishness, no taint of the original meaning view Tess, only recognize the "purity" in the rational meaning. In any case it is difficult to recognize Tess. In fact, the moral purity is the purity and integrity, which is beyond a specific image of the eternal purity. Because of individual values and attitudes, if we blindly stick to the original meaning of the expense of other values, it is unjustifiable. Tess is a pure source of the tragedy, as well as her commitment to the fundamental rebel cause. Tess’ tragic fate in the numerous protests, the more she resisted, it must tease her fate. In fact, through Tess of protest, we found the hardships of life: poverty is not being overwhelmed Tess. The traditional Christian civilization, the public and secular concept of the spirit of persecution she is fatal. This in itself is a tragedy, as Tess can not escape the tragic fate of the majority of poor farmers unable to escape from the same community. Therefore, there can only resistance from the ugly and welcoming a new life of hope, this is addressed to suffer the same misfortune as Tess of the people and encourage them to do so as Tess brave resistance.
Hardy believes that the distortions in the customs and laws of human nature, and sometimes even derange, cause mental depression. When a person''s physical or mental needs to be restrained, they will use other means to vent. Sometimes, expressed as a symbolic protest, sometimes manifested as deviant drastic action. This is a fight for survival deviant also the embodiment of the rebel Tess is the best example. Meanwhile, the era of Hardy also expresses strong dissatisfaction with the system and no hope of a customs and prejudices intervention. No criticism of the media, religious guidance from the completely build on top of the love, flexibility in the system to replace loose, which may have begun to see the early budding feminist. Hardy in the women''s liberation not only is in the forefront of this issue, but also beyond the era.
资料包括： 论文(24页6736字)
说明：
摘 要：《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯.哈代最杰出的悲剧作品。论文叙述了小说中女主人公反叛的原因和特征。一方面，人类的本性促使苔丝对她的命运进行抗争。苔丝强烈地希望得到幸福也许就是她强大勇气和道德力量的来源。同时文章分析了女主人公反叛的坚决性和软弱性，而表面的软弱性是为反叛意识的觉醒和高贵人格的体现作铺垫，从而反衬作品的主题思想和价值意义，进一步验证了维多利亚时代的英格兰对女性的不公平对待。因此，这样一个反叛是不可避免的。
关键词： ，反叛，自尊，坚决性，女性觉醒，女性意识
Abstract
Tess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as the most successful tragic masterpiece of Thomas Hardy. In this thesis, the author tries to analyze the revolt of Tess in two main aspects: reasons for the rebellion and characters of the rebellion. The former one is caused by human’s instinct and nature. The human instinct leads Tess to opposing her fate. Tess’s healthy desire simply to be happy is perhaps the source of her great courage and moral strength. The latter takes on the resolution and cowardliness of the rebellion, and the surface of the cowardliness of the rebellion is the awakening of consciousness and noble personality, which foils the novel’s theme and its value and further illustrates the injustice for female in Victorian England. So such a rebellion is impossible to be avoided.
Key Words
Rebellion; self-respect; resolution; women awakening; women consciousness
Introduction
Thomas Hardy, who was born on June 2, 1840, is one of the greatest writers in the history of English literature, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his most successful novels. Hardy cannot solely be labeled a Victorian novelist, nor can he be categorized simply as a Modernist. As a traditional writer, he was determined to explode the conventions of nineteenth-century literature and built a new kind of novel in its place. In many respects, Hardy was trapped in the middle ground between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, between Victorian sensibilities and more modern ones, and between tradition and innovation. Tess of the d’ Urbervilles was published in 1891. It is generally regarded as Hardy’s tragic masterpiece, and certainly it is his most ambitious tragic novel. Though is it, there are also many heartening passages hiding in the article. In this novel, Hardy demonstrates his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s lower classes, particularly for rural women. He became famous for his compassionate, often controversial portrayal of young women victimized by the self-righteous rigidity of English social morality.
A pure and loyal young woman, also intelligent, strikingly attractive, and distinguished by her deep moral sensitivity, and passionate intensity, Tess is the central character of the novel. But her inexperience and lack of wise parenting leave her extremely vulnerable. In Tess’s time, England is making its slow and painful transition from an old-fashioned, agricultural nation to a modern, industrial one. The society is full of tremendous changes in almost every respect. More and more peasants become impoverished and live a miserable life. Workers produce beyond subsistence. Therefore, her life is complicated when her father discovers a link to the noble link of the d’Urbervilles, and, as a result, Tess is sent to work at the d’Urberville mansion. Unfortunately, her ideals cannot prevent her from sliding further and further into misfortune after she becomes pregnant by Alec. Then, because of strong love and purity, she does not want to cheat Clare. With the hope of
mercy, she tells all her past. But, so tragedy for her, just the man who says to love her deeply abandons his troth, and refuses her explanations absolutely in the bridal evening. From now on, Clare does not contact with Tess in a long time, no matter how she is difficult. As a simple country girl, with a lot of misfortune, Tess finally decides to rebel against common customs bravely after she tries hardest to be good, her bad luck which is caused by other’s mistakes conspires to get her into trouble, as condemnation by the society and discard by her husband. All of these is too injustice to endure, so the rebellion cannot be avoided, no more than a time matter.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………..…………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………….….Ⅰ
摘要……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词…………………………………………………………………………….….Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………..…..……..1
I. Different Reasons for the Rebellion of Tess………………….……………….3
A. Reasons for Subsistence………………………………..………….…………3
1. A Hard Life for Peasants………………………………………..……..….3
2. Unequal Morality for Female……………….……………………..….3
3. Male Domination of Women…..………………………………..…..…….4
4. Class Oppression…….…………………………………..…………….……5
B. Reasons for Her Nature……….……………………………………..…….…6
1. Her Sense of Responsibility………………….………………..……….6
2. Self-respect………………………………………………………….……6
3. Her Aggressive Character……………………..……………………..……..6
II. Two Characters of the Rebellion ………………………………..………………..8
A. Her Character of Resolution………………………………….……….……8
1. Never Yield to Pressure from the Society ….…………………….………8
2. Keeping Apartness to Alec and Killing Him Finally ………………9
B. Her Character of Cowardliness…………………………………….………..10
1. Her Love for Clare ………………….………………………………….10
2. Her Second Stay with Alec ………………………………….…….…….12
3. Her Original Opinions and Fantasy………………………….…….…….13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………15
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..…..16
Notes……………………………………………………………………..………..17
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………18
参考文献：
Ackerman, Robert. Thomas Hardy′s Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996.
Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind. London: Macmillan, 1993.
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992.
Hardy, Thomas. A Study of His Novels. Wuhan: Central China Normal University Press, 1992.
哈代（Hardy,T.）著，陈雅莉译. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 北京：中央编译出版社，2004.
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D′Urbervilles. 西安：世界图书出版公司西安公司，1997.
Kramer, Dale. Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979.
Kramer, Dale. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Williams, Merryn. 哈代导读. 北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
Widdowson, Peter. Thomas Hardy and matters of gender. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. Dale Kramer, ed. 上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
朱永涛. Essentials of British and American Cultures. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991.
Zhang Zhongzai. Thomas Hardy: Thoughts and Creation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research press,1987.
陈惇. 西方文学史[M]. 成都：四川人民出版社，2003.
刁纯志. 外国文学名著导读[M]. 成都：四川人出版社，2001.
[15] 范传新,钱奇佳. 外国文学史[M]. 合肥：安徽大学出版社，2004.
[16] 富华. 活在名著中的女性[M]. 银川：宁夏人民出版社，2004.
[17] 格兰特著，乔和鸣等译. 文学的历史[M]. 太原：希望出版社，2003.
[18] 哈代（Hardy,T.）著，（英）韦斯特（West,C.）改写，苏苗苗译. 苔丝[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997.
[19] 哈代（Hardy,T.）著, 雷芳译. 苔丝[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
[20] 哈代著，孙致礼,唐慧心译. 苔丝[M]. 北京：北京燕山出版社，2000.
[21] 黄利玲. 爱敦荒原上的一颗璀璨的明珠——苔丝魅力之再观照[J]. 景德镇高专学报, 2002,(3).
[22] 韩明. 苔丝悲剧成因探究[J]. 河南教育学院学报, 2001,(1).
[23] 李超，邓兴义. 新编英美概况[M]. 汕头：汕头大学出版社，2004.
[24] 刘茂生. 近20年国内哈代小说研究述评[J]. 外国文学研究, 2004,(6).
[25] 马克飞,林明根. 世界文学经典导读[M]. 海口：海南出版社，时代文艺出版社,2005.
[26] 王藜. 解读“德伯家的苔丝”中的女性意识[J]. 新疆师范大学学报, 2005,(4).
[27] 王敏. 哈代与女性主义运动——从女性主义视角分析《德伯家的苔丝》[J]. 涪陵师范学院学报, 2004,(6).
[28] 王新春. 《德伯家的苔丝》中的苔丝悲惨命运的根源[J]. 黑龙江教育学院学报, 2004,(6).
[29] 熊锋华. 男权社会下的悲剧——读《德伯家的苔丝》[J]. 重庆工业高等专科学校学报, 2004,(5).
[30] 杨道云. 试论苔丝的叛逆者形象[J]. 许昌师专学报, 1999,(4).
[31] 杨国翰,吴达元,赵罗蕤. 欧洲文学史[M]. 北京：人民文学出版社，1982.
[32] 朱海燕. 《德伯家的苔丝》的伦理学探析[J]. 语文学刊, 2006,(3).
[33] 郑克鲁. 外国文学史[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1999.
[34] 张岩冰. 女权主义文论[M]. 济南：山东教育出版社，1998.
[35] 谭晓援. 社会﹑人性﹑人生：苔丝的悲剧剖析[J]. 成都教育学院学报, 2002,(11).
作者点评：
苔丝的反叛精神
Many people based on the purity of the pure innocence, no selfishness, no taint of the original meaning view Tess, only recognize the "purity" in the rational meaning. In any case it is difficult to recognize Tess. In fact, the moral purity is the purity and integrity, which is beyond a specific image of the eternal purity. Because of individual values and attitudes, if we blindly stick to the original meaning of the expense of other values, it is unjustifiable. Tess is a pure source of the tragedy, as well as her commitment to the fundamental rebel cause. Tess’ tragic fate in the numerous protests, the more she resisted, it must tease her fate. In fact, through Tess of protest, we found the hardships of life: poverty is not being overwhelmed Tess. The traditional Christian civilization, the public and secular concept of the spirit of persecution she is fatal. This in itself is a tragedy, as Tess can not escape the tragic fate of the majority of poor farmers unable to escape from the same community. Therefore, there can only resistance from the ugly and welcoming a new life of hope, this is addressed to suffer the same misfortune as Tess of the people and encourage them to do so as Tess brave resistance.
Hardy believes that the distortions in the customs and laws of human nature, and sometimes even derange, cause mental depression. When a person''s physical or mental needs to be restrained, they will use other means to vent. Sometimes, expressed as a symbolic protest, sometimes manifested as deviant drastic action. This is a fight for survival deviant also the embodiment of the rebel Tess is the best example. Meanwhile, the era of Hardy also expresses strong dissatisfaction with the system and no hope of a customs and prejudices intervention. No criticism of the media, religious guidance from the completely build on top of the love, flexibility in the system to replace loose, which may have begun to see the early budding feminist. Hardy in the women''s liberation not only is in the forefront of this issue, but also beyond the era.