《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素
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资料包括： 论文(19页5620字)
说明：
摘 要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。
关键词 ：人物悲情，矛盾冲突，人文主义，情节悲剧，王权斗争
Abstract
As one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.
Key Words
Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne
Introduction
It is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King.
As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius’s schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; the sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship’s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet’s special artistic charm and literal achievement, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.
目录：
Abstract..I
Key Words.I
摘要.II
关键词..II
Introduction.1
I. The General Introduction of the Story..2
II. Three Simultaneous Plots of Revenge .2
A. Laertes’s Simple Idea to Revenge..3
B. Fortinblas’s Abandonment to Revenge.4
C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to Revenge..4
III. The Tragedy of Characters5
A. The Tragedy of Hamlet.5
1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s Tragedy5
2. Hamlet’s Death..6
B. The Tragedy of Claudius.6
C. The Tragedy of Ophelia9
IV. The Failure of Humanism..9
A. The conflict between Humanism and Reality9
B. The Failure of Hamlet’s Task..11
Conclusion..12
Acknowledgements13
Bibliography..14
参考文献：
Bradley. A C. Lecture IV: Hamlet. London: Macmillan, 1922.
Cartwright Kent. Remembering Hamlet, University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
Michael Mangan. A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedy. Peking University Press, 2001.
William Shakespeare. Hamle, Prince of Denmar.. The Oxford Standard Authors Edition. 1601.
Zhang Longxi. Reading Shakespeare: Hamlet. Room G07, Lee Wai Chun Building, CUHK, 2003.
卞之琳（译）．哈姆雷特[M] ．人文出版社,1956．
黄源．外国文学史新编[M] ．浙江文艺出版社，1987．
基托．哈姆雷特[M] ．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981，P427-450．
孟宪强．外国文学[M] ．河南：河南教育出版社，1988．
施咸荣．借鉴与探讨——外国文学部分[M] ．北京：北京十月文艺出版社，1986．
王守仁．英国文学选读（第二版）[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．
王佐良等．欧洲文化入门[M] ．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005．
杨周翰．莎士比亚评论汇篇[M] ．北京：中社会科学出版社，1981．
张泗洋等．莎士比亚引论[M] ．北京：中国戏剧出版社，1989．
[15] 张泗洋．莎士比亚的三重戏剧（研究、演出、教学）[M] ．吉林：东北师范大学出版社，1988．
[16] 朱维之等．外国文学简编第四版[M] ．中人民大学出版社，1999．
[17] 朱生豪．莎士比亚全集[M] ．北京：人民文学出版社，1981．
作者点评：
《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素
With abundant and vivid plots, Hamlet reveals an important thought: in the later of Renaissance, the central state power was stable, the system of government was charged by the King. The King abandoned the capitalist class, arbitrarily and dictatorially, he forcibly occupied all the benefit; in political, he went against the progressive measure, then the feudal force had the chance to state a comeback, all the country was filled with foul, and each trying to cheat the other. Under such background, the capital humanists were angry with it. All the ordinary people even could not bear the exploitation coming from the feudal and original accumulation, but they could do nothing to help themselves. Such phenomenon was just about which happened before the bourgeoisie revolutionary in 1645. Humanists had the thought to remove the unforgivable King and reverse the situation, but they fell into hesitation, because the responsibility for them was hard to complete.
Taking the court of Denmark in the Middle Ages for the background, according to the story of Hamlet’s revenge for his father’s death, Hamlet describes the truth England and the Europe society in the later Renaissance. It reveals the author’s self-questioning on Renaissance movement and his carelessness on people’s life and future. The Renaissance promotes Europe into the time human beings awakening. People’s belief to God began to shake, under the flag of “personality liberation”; it was the custom to do what you like to. For one side, people’s thought liberated, which promoted the development of the social civilization. In the other side, especially in the later of Renaissance, it was full of overflow of selfish desire and social’s confusion. Encountering such an enthusiasm and confused time, instead of the optimistic and romantic brought by the humanism, Shakespeare shows us the hidden danger which hided in the ideal and progress. It is destined to fail for humanists. Hamlet is the reflection of such social phenomena.
资料包括： 论文(19页5620字)
说明：
摘 要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。
关键词 ：人物悲情，矛盾冲突，人文主义，情节悲剧，王权斗争
Abstract
As one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.
Key Words
Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne
Introduction
It is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King.
As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius’s schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; the sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship’s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet’s special artistic charm and literal achievement, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.
目录：
Abstract..I
Key Words.I
摘要.II
关键词..II
Introduction.1
I. The General Introduction of the Story..2
II. Three Simultaneous Plots of Revenge .2
A. Laertes’s Simple Idea to Revenge..3
B. Fortinblas’s Abandonment to Revenge.4
C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to Revenge..4
III. The Tragedy of Characters5
A. The Tragedy of Hamlet.5
1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s Tragedy5
2. Hamlet’s Death..6
B. The Tragedy of Claudius.6
C. The Tragedy of Ophelia9
IV. The Failure of Humanism..9
A. The conflict between Humanism and Reality9
B. The Failure of Hamlet’s Task..11
Conclusion..12
Acknowledgements13
Bibliography..14
参考文献：
Bradley. A C. Lecture IV: Hamlet. London: Macmillan, 1922.
Cartwright Kent. Remembering Hamlet, University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
Michael Mangan. A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedy. Peking University Press, 2001.
William Shakespeare. Hamle, Prince of Denmar.. The Oxford Standard Authors Edition. 1601.
Zhang Longxi. Reading Shakespeare: Hamlet. Room G07, Lee Wai Chun Building, CUHK, 2003.
卞之琳（译）．哈姆雷特[M] ．人文出版社,1956．
黄源．外国文学史新编[M] ．浙江文艺出版社，1987．
基托．哈姆雷特[M] ．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981，P427-450．
孟宪强．外国文学[M] ．河南：河南教育出版社，1988．
施咸荣．借鉴与探讨——外国文学部分[M] ．北京：北京十月文艺出版社，1986．
王守仁．英国文学选读（第二版）[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．
王佐良等．欧洲文化入门[M] ．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005．
杨周翰．莎士比亚评论汇篇[M] ．北京：中社会科学出版社，1981．
张泗洋等．莎士比亚引论[M] ．北京：中国戏剧出版社，1989．
[15] 张泗洋．莎士比亚的三重戏剧（研究、演出、教学）[M] ．吉林：东北师范大学出版社，1988．
[16] 朱维之等．外国文学简编第四版[M] ．中人民大学出版社，1999．
[17] 朱生豪．莎士比亚全集[M] ．北京：人民文学出版社，1981．
作者点评：
《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素
With abundant and vivid plots, Hamlet reveals an important thought: in the later of Renaissance, the central state power was stable, the system of government was charged by the King. The King abandoned the capitalist class, arbitrarily and dictatorially, he forcibly occupied all the benefit; in political, he went against the progressive measure, then the feudal force had the chance to state a comeback, all the country was filled with foul, and each trying to cheat the other. Under such background, the capital humanists were angry with it. All the ordinary people even could not bear the exploitation coming from the feudal and original accumulation, but they could do nothing to help themselves. Such phenomenon was just about which happened before the bourgeoisie revolutionary in 1645. Humanists had the thought to remove the unforgivable King and reverse the situation, but they fell into hesitation, because the responsibility for them was hard to complete.
Taking the court of Denmark in the Middle Ages for the background, according to the story of Hamlet’s revenge for his father’s death, Hamlet describes the truth England and the Europe society in the later Renaissance. It reveals the author’s self-questioning on Renaissance movement and his carelessness on people’s life and future. The Renaissance promotes Europe into the time human beings awakening. People’s belief to God began to shake, under the flag of “personality liberation”; it was the custom to do what you like to. For one side, people’s thought liberated, which promoted the development of the social civilization. In the other side, especially in the later of Renaissance, it was full of overflow of selfish desire and social’s confusion. Encountering such an enthusiasm and confused time, instead of the optimistic and romantic brought by the humanism, Shakespeare shows us the hidden danger which hided in the ideal and progress. It is destined to fail for humanists. Hamlet is the reflection of such social phenomena.