论“雍熙北伐”对北宋政局的影响

论文编号:LS188  论文字数:9690,页数:11
论“雍熙北伐”对北宋政局的影响
 
 摘要
 
 “雍熙北伐”是北宋初期的一场重要战争。它的失利不仅使北宋统治者转变了御辽策略，更使得他们产生了严重的恐辽心理。因此，统治者改变了当初想要积极收复幽云十六州的初衷，对外主要以消极防御为主。“外忧不过边事，皆可预防。惟奸邪无状，若为内患，深可惧也”的思想，成为两宋三百二十年间的主导统治思想。在积极巩固内部统治的过程中确立起了“守内虚外”的政策，宋朝统治者加强对武将的防范鉴于唐末五代以来武夫跋扈、悍将称雄，而皇权沦落式微，天子常常被武将玩弄于股掌之上，王朝的大权操纵于亲信大将之手，地方则陷入节度使控制之下这一种历史状况。一种以强干弱枝，将从中御和崇文抑武为主要原则的政治体制慢慢形成。这些统治策略的产生，对于巩固北宋国家政权的确是发挥了极大的作用，但这却是用对武将的不信任所换来的。以至于后来更是出现了对武将价值认识的彻底贬低，认为“边方不宁,武臣幸之以为利”，“ 武臣无事之际,喜谈策略,及其赴敌,罕能成功。好勇无谋,盖其常。”
 这些观点的产生，使得北宋武备废弛，国防安全大大降低。但更为严重的是，随着“守内虚外”政策的确立，统治者对外以消极防御为主，而主要的力量则用于对内的防范和镇压上，一种以冗官、冗兵、冗费为主要特征的“三冗”局面逐步形成，这就为北宋“积贫积弱”局面的出现创造了土壤。“三冗”局面的出现，使北宋的国家实力遭到了极大的削弱。官僚机构庞大，官员人数众多但人浮于事、因循守旧之风盛行。军队数目虽然不断增加，但并未从根本上提高北宋军队的战斗力。军队人员终日“游嬉于廛市之间” “骄惰既久，胆力耗惫”、“被甲持兵，行数十里，即使喘汗”，这些毫无战斗力可言的“冗兵”，在抵御外敌方面丝毫发挥不了作用。他们所能带给百姓的，只能是为维持这种虚有其表的局面而产生的巨额财政负担。对于民众而言，除了要负担巨额的军费开支和庞大的官僚队伍开支这笔“冗费”之外，日益严重的土地兼并问题也使他们的生活更加困难。“富者有弥望之田，贫者无卓锥之地”的土地兼并局面使他们无以为生，不得不揭竿而起。这样更加剧了北宋向“积贫积弱”道路上的迈进。因此说“雍熙北伐”的失败导致了北宋“积贫积弱”局面的产生，它是北宋“积贫积弱”局面出现的主要原因。
 
关键词：北宋  雍熙北伐  守内虚外  积贫积弱

A study of then "Yongxi north Expedition" on the Northern song Dynasty''s louncil
Abstract:"Yongxi Northern Expedition" is the early Northern Song Dynasty of an important war. It is not only the failure to change the Royal Northern Song Dynasty rulers Liaoning strategy, but also makes them have a serious psychological fear Liaoning. Therefore, the ruler of positive change to the original 16 states to recover the original intention of Youyun, external defense based mainly negative. "However, worry-things can prevent. Ganye not - but, if the internal problems, fear can also deep," and Song Dynasties Sanbaiershinian become the dominant ruling ideology. Since then rulers internal establish a "virtual observe, within" policy, and actively consolidate the process of internal rule, as despotic military man but since the Five Dynasties, 24.38 rule the roost, and the decline of imperial power reduced, the emperor often playing with the generals in shares hold on, was the confidant power manipulation in the hands of generals, a local Jiedushi is under the control of such a historical reasons. For the generals precautions, even as the Northern Song "concentrating on the virtual," the focus of policy implementation. With a strong stem weak branches, and will be in the Royal Chongwenmen restrain arms as the main principles of the political system gradually formed. These strategies have a rule, for the consolidation of state power is indeed the Northern Song Dynasty played a great role, but it is a military officer with the lack of trust on the return. Later, there is even more of a thorough understanding of the value of the generals to belittle that, "while the Restless, Wu Chen fortunate that the benefits" and "Wu Chen no matter when Hei on strategy, and to the enemy, Han will succeed. Without seeking good-yong , covered its regular.. "
 These views have, making Wubei breakdowns in the Northern Song Dynasty, national defense and security greatly reduced. But even more serious is that, with a "virtual Shou, the" established policy, foreign rulers to passive defensive oriented, and the main force for the prevention and repression at home, an official with redundant, redundant soldiers, redundant costs as the main feature of the "three redundant" situation gradually formed, which is the Northern Song Dynasty, "the poor and weak" situation created the appearance of the soil. "Three redundant" situation has emerged to the Northern Song Dynasty national strength was greatly weakened. Huge bureaucracy, but the large number of officials overstaffing, following the beaten track of the prevailing wind. Although the increasing number of army, but did not fundamentally improve the army''s combat effectiveness of the Northern Song Dynasty. Military personnel living "You play in the city between Chan," "lazy arrogance is a long time, consumption of bile Bei" "Beijia with soldiers, dozens of firms, even if the surge Khan," There is no fighting power to speak of the "redundant" soldiers, in withstanding foreign slightest regard can not play their role. They can bring the people, can only maintain this is an empty one for the situation, and the huge financial burden. For people, in addition to the huge burden of military expenditures and a huge contingent of the bureaucratic spending this "redundant costs", the increasingly serious problem of land annexation also made their lives more difficult. "The rich look of a bridge-and the poor without Zhuo cone of the" annexation of the land situation of Health so that they no longer had to rose. This exacerbated the Northern Song to the "poor and weak" on the road ahead. Thus "Yongxi Northern Expedition" led to the failure of the Northern Song Dynasty, "the poor and weak," a situation, it is the Northern Song Dynasty, "the poor and weak," the main reason for the situation.

Keywords: The Northern Song Dynasty  "Yongxi Northern Expedition"
          " Shou nei xu wai"  the Poor and Weak
目录

引言……………………………………………………………………………………………1
文献综述………………………………………………………………………………………1
研究方法………………………………………………………………………………………2
讨论与分析……………………………………………………………………………………2

一、“雍熙北伐”的经过和结果 ……………………………………………………………2
二、“雍熙北伐”与北宋君臣对辽心理的转变 ……………………………………………3
三、“雍熙北伐”与北宋治国思想的转变 …………………………………………………4
 1、“雍熙北伐”后北宋对辽政策的转变 ………………………………………………4
 2、“雍熙北伐”后北宋“守内虚外”治国思想的确立 ………………………………5
四、“雍熙北伐”与北宋“积贫积弱”局面的形成 ………………………………………8
结论 …………………………………………………………………………………………10
参考文献 ……………………………………………………………………………………11