声纳式高度计系统设计和研究

字数:29600,页数:70    论文编号:JD327    

摘    要
随着人类全面认识、开发利用和保护海洋的新世纪的到来，谁能掌握海洋领域，谁就会在未来的发展中处于主动地位。要成为海洋强国，就必须发展海洋技术。无论是海洋勘探还是海洋开发，声纳技术无疑是最关键技术之一。由于目前水下操作设备如深海浅地层岩芯取样钻机、电视抓斗等具有体积小、操作灵活等特点，而且要求设备能够在无人操作的前提下工作，因此需要声纳式高度计来保证设备能安全地在水下工作。但是，在一个微型操作系统中，对电路器件和外部设备在尺寸上都有严格的要求，因此就需要一个微型的高度计与之匹配。
本论文从声纳式高度计研究的紧迫性出发，分析了声纳式高度计的应用范围以及国内外的研究现状和发展趋势，并且对声纳的基本特性和测距原理做了简单介绍。同时根据声纳式高度计的特点及需要完成的任务，比较了常用的单片机，最终采用MICROCHIP公司的PIC16C74作为本论文设计的核心芯片。根据声纳式高度计的功能要求制定了总的系统框架，包括硬件设计和软件实现过程。
硬件部分采用的PIC16C74 MCU，负责完成发送信号、数据采集、数据判断和数据处理任务，同时还负责数据存储以及基本通信任务。本论文详细介绍了声纳信号发射控制电路、回波信号调理电路、存储器扩展电路以及与上位机通信电路，其中存储器采用ATMEL公司的Flash存储器，通信电路通过MAXIM的多通道RS-232驱动接收器跟上位机进行通信。另外声纳换能器部分采用PZT-4型、中心频率为46kHz的压电陶瓷片进行声电、电声转换。
软件设计采用了模块化设计方法，分为信号发射模块、数据采集模块、数据判别模块、数据处理模块、定时模块、存储器控制模块以及通信模块。
最后，对系统各部分及整体进行了调试，包括压电陶瓷片性能测试、各功能模块调试以及程序在线调试等。同时对该文的工作做了总结，指出了工作的成果及意义，并对今后的进一步工作进行了展望。
声纳式高度计在海洋勘探开发领域有着广阔的应用和发展空间，其研究成果具有广阔的市场前景。

关键词：深水，微型，声纳式高度计，信号处理

ABSTRACT
In the new century, the human comprehensively understand, develop, use and protect the sea. With it comes, who can grasp the sea area, who would be in the initiative position in the future development. To become the sea powerful nation have to have the ability to grasp the advanced sea technology. The sonar technology is one of the most basic and important technology undoubtedly in the sea exploration and development. Because the underwater operating systems such as the machine drilling shallow stratum core sample in deep sea, the video grab bucket and so on are small and agility, they are capable of exploring and operating in smaller bodies of water in addition to areas of the ocean that would be out of reach for a larger vehicle. Being autonomous requires that the system must be capable of performing without the need for human supervision, so use of external sensors such as sonar are needed to ensure the safety of the vehicle during missions. However, since all of the onboard instrumentation and external equipment must also be miniature in size, the implementation of a small sonar system is desirable. 
 In view of urgency of the sonar altimeter ,this paper analyzes the domestic and foreign sonar altimeter system research situation and developing tendency, then introduce briefly the basic characteristics of sonar and the theory of measuring distance.It also compares the microcontroller often used in the sonar altimeter system based on completing the tash and satisfying the sonar altimeter system’s characteristic, at last, we takes the embedded microcontroller PIC16C74 of MICROCHIOP Corporation as the core IC. It formulates the system design plan according to the system’s function request, including the hardware and software design.
The hardware uses PIC16C74MCU which completes the signal transmitting, the data judging and the data processing as well as controls the Flash memory and the basic communication. The paper introduce the control circuit of sonar signal transmitting, the analogue circuit of echo signal, the expansion circuit of the memory and the communicate circuit to the compute. The memory uses the Flash from ATMEL Corporation, the communicate circuit via Multichannel RS-232 Drivers/Receivers to connect with the compute.In addition, the transducer uses PZT-4 46kHz piezoelectrical tile to achieve conversion between acoustic energy and electrical energy.
The softwaere design uses the modular design method, and divides into the signal transmitting module, the data gathering module,the timing module, the memory controlling module and the communicating module.
Finally, this paper introduces debugging of each part and the whole, including the performance test of piezoelectrical tile, every functions module debugging and the procedure debugging on line. Then, it summarizes the whole work, points out the work achievement and the significance, and forecastes the next further work.
The sonar altimeter is also broadly used in the ocean, and has the broad market prospect.

Keywords：deep-water, miniature , the sonar altimeter ,signal processing

   目    录
摘    要 I
ABSTRACT II
第1章　绪　论 1
1.1 声纳式高度计的应用领域 1
1.2 国内外现状及发展趋势 2
1.3 声纳测距研究的意义 3
1.4 主要研究工作 4
第2章　水下测距声纳 5
2.1 声波特性 5
2.2 声纳换能器 6
2.3 声纳方程 8
2.4 水下测距原理 9
第3章　高度计总体方案设计 11
3.1 功能模块分析 11
3.2 技术选型 16
3.3 参数设计 21
第4章　系统硬件设计 24
4.1 发射电路设计 24
4.2 回波信号处理电路设计 27
4.3 制版 34
第5章　系统软件设计 37
5.1 集成开发环境简介 37
5.2 软件功能模块分析 38
第6章　系统调试与测试 46
6.1 系统调试 46
6.2 样机测试 50
第7章　总结与展望 51
7.1 工作总结 51
7.2 应用展望 51
致 谢 52
参 考 文 献 53
附录A 主要电路图 56
附录B 部分源程序代码 58
附录C 实物照片