电机起动方法及其软起动的研究

论文编号:ZD414  论文字数:21939,页数:48，有开题报告，任务书，文献综述

摘  要

 随着大功率电力电子开关器件和微电脑技术的迅速发展。交流异步电动机的变频调速技术已获得了广泛应用。然而，在工业生产实际中，还大量存在着不需要深调速的中、大功率容量交流异步电动机，迫切需要解决的问题是起动过程中的大电流冲击和安全生产所需要的各种保护。
 针对目前存在的起动装置耗能大、设备笨重、调节困难、价格昂贵等问题，研制了一种具有软起动和各种运行保护的高性价比中、大功率交流异步电动机多功能控制器。
 文章首先分析了交流异步电动机的起动性能和常用起动方法，讨论了直接起动时大电流冲击产生的原因和危害，并对常用起动方法的优缺点进行了比较分析，进而得出了电机起动过程中应该考虑的几个问题。
 接着讨论了几种主要的电动机软起动方法与原理。
 为分析交流异步电动机的起动过程和软起动器的起动方式的选择，建立交流异步电动机的数学模型，并在此基础上进行计算机仿真，分别进行了交流异步电动机的全压空载、全压负载、电压斜坡空载起动完后突加负载和电压斜坡负载起动过程仿真。
 然后对电机起动电压控制方式，提出了应用模糊控制的方法。
 最后对软起动器的具体硬件和软件设计进行了简要的说明。

关键词：软起动  DSP  交流异步电动机   模糊控制  数学模型   Matlab simukink

Abstract

 Along with the technical and quick development of the big power  electric power electronics  switch machine piece and micro-computers.Communicate an electric motor of difference changes the Frequency to adjust soon the technique has already acquired the extensive pplication.However, in industry produce actually, return a great deal of exist and don''t need to adjust deeply soon of in, the big power  capacity exchanges difference treads the electric motor, urgently need the problem for resolve is starts the big electric current within process impact and safeties to produce need of various protection.
 Aim at to exist currently of start to equip to consume the ability big, the equipments is bulky and regulates difficulty, the price expensive etc. problem, research to manufacture a kind of have soft start compare with various sex price with protective and high movement medium, big power exchanges that the difference treads the multi-function controller of electric motor.
 The article analyzed the exchanges first the difference treads the electric motor to start the function and in common use start the method, the big electric current pounds at the output reason and banes while discussing to start directly, and to in common use started the merit and shortcoming of method to carry on more analytical, then got the electrical engineering starts the process in a few problem that should consider.
 Discussed a few main electric motors immediately after soft start the method and principles.
 For the analytical exchanges the difference treads the electric motor to start the process and soft start the choice that the machine starts the way, the exchanges a the mathematics model of the electric motor of establishment, and really go forward to go the calculator to imitate in this foundation, carried on the exchanges that the difference treads all of the electric motor to press to get empty to carry and all press the load, the electric voltage slope to get empty to carry respectively after start the Suddenly really add load to load to start the process to imitate with the electric voltage slope.
 Then start the electric voltage control method to the electrical engineering, put forward the method of the applied misty control.
 Finally to soft started the concrete hardware and the software designs of the machine to carry on the elucidation of the synopsis.

Keywords:   Soft starter  DSP   Thyristor Motor  Fuzzy control   Mathematics model
           Matlab simulink

目  录

摘  要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
第一章 绪  论…………………………………………………………………………1
 1.1  交流电动机的起动过程分析…………………………………………………1
 1.1.1 交流异步电动机的起动分析………………………………………………1
 1.2.1 交流同步电动机的起动分析………………………………………………4
 1.2  交流电动机的起动方法………………………………………………………7
 1.2.1 交流异步电动机的起动方法………………………………………………7
 1.2.2 交流同步电动机的起动方法………………………………………………8
第二章 交流电动机软起动方法与基本原理 …………………………………11
2.1 液阻软起动………………………………………………………………………11
2.2 磁控软起动………………………………………………………………………11
2.3 晶闸管软起动……………………………………………………………………11
 2.3.1 晶闸管调压软起动 ………………………………………………………12
 2.3.2 晶闸管变频软起动 ………………………………………………………13
第三章 交流异步电动机的数学模型……………………………………………14
 3.1 交流异步电动机的a-b-c数学模型…………………………………………14
 3.1.1 电压方程 …………………………………………………………………15
 3.1.2 磁链方程 …………………………………………………………………15
 3.1.3 运动方程 …………………………………………………………………18
 3.1.4 转矩方程 …………………………………………………………………18
 3.2交流异步电动机的d-q数学模型………………………………………………18
 3.2.1 d-q电压方程 ……………………………………………………………19
 3.2.2 d-q系统转矩方程 ………………………………………………………19
 3.2.3 d-q系统转矩平衡方程 …………………………………………………19
 3.2.4 d-q系统磁链方程 ………………………………………………………20
 3.3 交流异步电动机的M-T数学模型…………………………………………20
第四章 交流异步电动机起动过程的计算机仿真…………………………21
 4.1 仿真软件Matlab的简单介绍……………………………………………21
 4.2 交流异步电动机的Simulink仿真模型…………………………………21
 4.3  交流异步电动机的仿真结果……………………………………………24
 4.3.1全压起动仿真结果………………………………………………………25
 4.3.2全压负载起动仿真结果…………………………………………………27
 4.3.3电压斜坡空载起动完后突加负载仿真结果……………………………28
 4.3.4电压斜坡负载起动仿真结果……………………………………………30
第五章  软起动器的设计………………………………………………………33
 5.1 软起动器的控制方法……………………………………………………33
 5.2 软起动器的硬件框图……………………………………………………34
 5.2.1 晶闸管电路……………………………………………………………34
 5.2.2 触发控制电路…………………………………………………………35
 5.2.3 同步电路………………………………………………………………35
 5.2.4 检测及保护电路………………………………………………………35
 5.2.5 键盘显示电路…………………………………………………………36
 5.2.6 电源电路………………………………………………………………36
 5.3 软起动器的软件流程图…………………………………………………36
 5.3.1 主程序…………………………………………………………………37
 5.3.2 系统初始化程序………………………………………………………37
 5.3.3 系统运行模块程序……………………………………………………38
 5.3.4 软停车模块程序………………………………………………………39
结 束 语…………………………………………………………………………41
参考文献…………………………………………………………………………42
致    谢…………………………………………………………………………43