中西文化礼貌用语的差异
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Abstract:Language is the most important human communication tool. Since mankind enters the civilized era, the term was courtesy of the cultural organizations and scholars have wide attention. On the one hand, it is the progress of social civilization and the symbol on the other hand, it can help people establish and maintain good interpersonal skills. It also can be observed as a social phenomenon. Courtesy is a superficial, is shared by the entire social norm. When people exchange their ideas, they will make efforts to ensure that courtesy. At the same time, courtesy of cultural identity is considered as the specific cultural values in the language of refraction. Because the impact of cultural values, ways and means that courtesy, as well as the criteria used to determine courtesy will be different. Therefore, in inter-cultural communication, there will be some misunderstanding, which often leads to misunderstandings and communication failures failure. This paper attempts to contrast from the perspective of Chinese and Western culture polite language usage, cultural differences on the language of the enormous impact of people in different cultures, as well as the exchanges between the minds on the issue.
Key Words: polite language, cultural trait, cultural value, cultural difference
摘 要:语言是人类最重要的交际工具。语言负载着深厚的民族文化内涵。自人类进入文明时代，礼貌用语就被各文化社团及学者所广为重视。一方面，它是社会文明和进步的象征；另一方面，它又能帮助人们建立和维持良好的人际关系。作为一种可观察得到的社会现象，礼貌是一种表面现象，是由所有社会所认同的一种规范。人们在交流时，都会努力做到礼貌。同时，礼貌具有文化特性，是特定文化价值在语言中的折射。由于文化价值的影响，表示礼貌的方式方法，以及人们用以判断礼貌的标准也会有所不同。因此在跨文化交际中，会出现一些误解，这些误解常常会导致交际失误乃至失败。本文试图从文化角度来对比中西礼貌用语的用法，阐述文化差异对语言的巨大影响以及人们在不同文化之间的交流上要注意的问题。
关键词: 礼貌用语 文化特性 文化价值 文化差异
Introduction
Different cultural background influences our polite language usage. This article tries to analyze the Influences of differences between Chinese and Western Cultures on Polite Language， The purpose is to demonstrate the importance of polite language and improve intercultural communication. We might say it is showing courtesy, respect and consideration to other people, acknowledging them, and not imposing unnecessarily on them. Politeness is everywhere. It can be showed in two aspects: verbal form and non-verbal form. Through all its verbal and non-verbal aspects, “language embodies cultural reality”.
In daily life, it is very easy to give a pile of examples of politeness. For example, to say “Thank you” to one who has offered you some help is polite, and to take a book from your roommate’s private bookshelf without first asking for permission is considered impolite behavior; to greet your elders with appropriate address terms is polite and to enter a friend’s room without knocking at the door is impolite.
Introduction 1
Chapter One: Politeness Origins in Different Cultures 2
1.1 The Politeness Origins in Europe 2
1.2 The Politeness Origins in China 3
Chapter Two:The Items Related to Politeness 4
2.1 Cultural Values 5
2.2Social Norms 6
2.3 Patterns of Thought 7
2.4 Value of Family 8
ChapterThree:Differences in polite language 9
3.1 Ways to Address 9
3.2 Differences about Farewells 10
3.3Considerations of Privacy 12
Conclusion 13
References 15
Abstract (Chinese) 16
Abstract (English) 17
Acknowledgements 18
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In short, politeness is an indispensable element to human communication. The success or failure of communication itself greatly depends on the understanding and use of appropriate polite languages. Different cultures influence their own polite languages. On the other hand, different languages reflect different cultures. Although individuals may have their own personal styles of communication, personal values reflect group values to a great extent, which can justify our generalizations made in this paper. Polite language, as an observable sociolinguistic phenomenon, is a part of culture. Thus, the actual manifestations of polite language and the standards of its judgment differ from culture to culture. Such differences stem from different histories that the notion of politeness can be traced back to and also from different cultural values gradually formed in the course of time under the influence of a variety of factors. As a result, to interpret the observed differences in polite language, we should go into the depth where different cultural values are firmly rooted.
Those who hold that their cultures are superior and use their own cultural values as criteria to measure and evaluate others are blinded by ethnocentrism completely. As it is mentioned above, every one of us grows up in a certain and specific culture that programs us to do things according to doctrines. Therefore, the study and teaching of Western cultures is of vital importance for Chinese scholars in today’s “global village”. To sum up, this paper provides an overview of how scholars in the English-speaking world and in China have attempted at an account of polite language, makes a comparison of the major cultural differences between English and Chinese cultures. Furthermore, it emphasizes two important points required in a successful communication. That is, other’s cultures and customs. Only by learning both the grammatical rules and culture while learning a foreign language, can people achieve successful cross-cultural communication.