摘 要:我国的民事抗诉制度是在民事再审制度的背景下运行的,它不仅体现了检察权对审判权的制约,也体现了检察权对私权领域的干预。因此,民事抗诉权必须受到严格的限制而不应经常性地启动,以免影响审判独立以及损害当事人合法权益。但是,现行法律关于检察机关对于民事抗诉的规定过于笼统,一些规定不够科学,导致实践中对民事抗诉的范围、程序、方式等问题产生较大的分歧,影响了民事抗诉制度的实际作用的发挥,因而需要完善和规范民事抗诉制度,规范人民法院审理抗诉案件的程序。本文从影响民事抗诉制度设计的先决问题,即既判力与民事抗诉的平衡、当事人处分权与抗诉检察权的平衡出发,探讨现行民事抗诉制度存在的问题并尝试提出解决完善的措施。笔者认为在完善现行民事抗诉制度中,首先要明确抗诉制度的性质,即认清民事抗诉救济的补充性,进而厘清抗诉的范围确保抗诉符合补充性和救济性,另外通过司法解释促进实体性抗诉事由的可操作性也极其重要,最后还要完善抗诉的程序性规定以保障制度的良性运作。
关键词 民事抗诉 平衡 缺陷 完善
Abstract
Our country''s civil prosecutor-protested system is moves under the civil retrial system''s background, it has not only manifested the procuratorial power to the judicial authority restriction, also has manifested the procuratorial power to the private power domain intervention. Therefore, the civil anti-right of suit must receive the strict limit, but should not regularly starting, in order to avoid the influence trial independence as well as harms the litigant legitimate rights and interests. But, the current law is too general about the Procuratorial agency regarding the civil appeal''s stipulation, some stipulation insufficient science, causes in the practice to civil questions and so on appeal scope, procedure, way to have the big difference, has affected the civil prosecutor-protested system''s actual function display, thus needs to consummate and the standard civil prosecutor-protested system, the standard People''s court tries the appeal case''s procedure. This article from the influence civil prosecutor-protested system design''s prerequisite question, namely already sentences the strength and civil appeal balanced, the litigant disposition right and appeal procuratorial power balanced embarks, in the discussion present legislation and the judicature exists the question and proposes the solution perfect measure.
Key words: civil prosecutorial protest, get the balance, deficiencies, to perfect
引 言
民事抗诉制度是人民检察院对人民法院作出的已经生效的民事裁决,依据法定事由,通过法定程序提请人民法院再审的诉讼制度。从九一民诉法颁布实施以来,我国民行检察工作经历了一系列的改革发展,民事抗诉制度也不断趋于完善。全国人大常委会于2007年10月通过的民事诉讼法修正案对民事抗诉程序进行了一定的修改。通过修法,有助于平息相当一段时间来关于民事抗诉程序的存废之争。当前学界的理论和实务探讨中,对民事抗诉前途的看法主要有以下三种学说,即废除说、加强说、限制说。修正案的颁布表明民事抗诉制度在目前不可能被废除,而是通过修改受到一定的限制。