摘要:伴随着自首制度和单位犯罪制度在《刑法》中的法典化,单位自首已成为刑法理论以及司法实践中所亟需解决的新课题。何为单位自首、单位自首的理论依据、单位自首的成立要件、单位自首在司法实践中存在的问题以及如何对单位自首进行司法认定是解决这一新课题所必需首先探讨的问题。本文首先介绍学界对单位自首的研究状况以及发展趋势,关于单位能否自首学界主要有肯定论和否定论两种观点;文章在第一部分阐述单位自的理论依据以及对单位自首进行界定,单位自首是刑法规定自首制度和单位犯罪制度的逻辑必然,符合我国刑法规定自首制度的立法意旨、符合我国惩办与宽大相结合的刑事政策,是立法和司法实践的必然选择;第二部分论述单位自首的司法认定,简析单位自首的成立要件以及对单位自首的司法认定中存在的主要问题,从反面阐述不应认定为单位自首的情形;第三部分探讨单位自首的效力范围以及对单位自首的处罚,单位成立自首后,不能当然地认为单位的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员都成立自首。
关键词:单位犯罪 单位自首 司法认定
Abstract
With surrendered system and the system of crime unit in the "Criminal Law" in the Code, the Penal Code has become a unit surrendered theory and judicial practice in the new issues that need urgent solutions. It surrendered to units, unit surrendered the theoretical basis for the establishment of units surrendered Elements of the unit surrendered in judicial practice and the problems that exist in how the unit that surrendered a judicial solution to this new task is necessary to first explore the issue. This article first introduced academic units surrendered to the status of research and development trends, whether on the unit surrendered a major academic theory and affirmed the negative views of the two; article in the first part of the units on the theoretical basis for the units and surrendered to define, unit surrendered The criminal law system and surrendered units inevitable logic of the system of crime, in line with China''s criminal law system turned himself in the legislative intention, in line with China''s punishment with leniency combination of criminal policy, legislation and judicial practice is an inevitable choice for the second part on the surrendered units Justice finds that the unit surrendered On the establishment of the Elements and surrendered to the judicial units in that the main problem, from the negative side should not be described as a unit that surrendered the case, turned himself in the third part of the effectiveness of the unit and the unit surrendered punishment , The unit set up after the surrender, of course, that can not be directly responsible for the unit in charge of personnel and other personnel are directly responsible for the establishment of surrender.
Key words: Unit crime;The unit surrenders;Justice finds that
引言
单位犯罪现象普遍存在,关于单位自首的理论依据,何为单位自首,如何对单位自首进行处罚,我国刑法并未明确规定。理论界关于单位自首制度的研究很少有学者涉足,单位自首基本上处于单位犯罪与自首制度研究“两不管”的尴尬境地,就其研究现状来看,主要有否定论和肯定论两种观点。否定论者认为,法律上规定自首主体是“罪犯”,故自首很难适用于犯罪单位;肯定论者则认为,刑法并无明文规定单位犯罪不可成立单位自首,因而对自首制度的有关规定应对所有犯罪有普遍适用效力。否定论者认为,要确立单位自首于法无据,单位无所谓自首,因而研究单位自首的问题毫无意义。相反肯定论者则认为,自然人与单位同属刑法中犯罪的主体,我国刑法明文规定法律面前人人平等,适用于自然人犯罪的量刑情节同样也适用于单位犯罪。笔者认为,肯定论者的观点似乎更有道理,确立单位自首有利于使单位与自然人在刑法中处于平等的地位,有利于鼓励犯罪单位自首,从而更好地惩罚和预防犯罪,有利于节约司法资源和提高司法效率,同时还有利于进一步完善刑法理论体系。但何为单位自首、如何认定单位自首以位自首的处罚在肯定论中也尚无定论。