摘 要:本文针对目前学界对佛教艺术以及龙门石窟佛教造像艺术的研究现状和存在的问题,将龙门石窟佛教造像艺术置于佛教文化史的背景之下,意在通过对佛教艺术在各个历史阶段的发展状况、特点及其兴盛衰败动因的历史考察,归纳出龙门石窟在佛教和社会大背景下所形成的独树一帜的艺术特色和文化韵味,揭示其承前启后的历史地位。本文首先从历史的角度出发,分析了佛教在我国从传入到发展、兴盛的历史动因,认为佛教的发展、历史条件的催化,使得佛教文化应运而生,成为中国传统文化不可忽视的一部分。而石窟艺术作为佛教文化的一个特殊种类,在中国传统文化中占据重要地位,它沿着佛教在中国的发展轨迹,遍布全国。其次,通过对佛教造像艺术在我国的发展历程及其审美特征的认识,并以对龙门石窟观摩及历史文献记载为依据,探究其繁荣兴盛的历史背景。再次,从佛教对龙门石窟造像艺术的影响出发,将龙门石窟发展演变分层断代进行分析。最后,将着眼点放在对龙门石窟佛教造像独特的艺术特色的深入讨论,注重佛教的发展对造像艺术所产生的影响。佛教造像艺术的世俗化,与整个佛教中国化的进程相伴随行。通过对佛教造像艺术特色的研究,总结出佛教对中国传统文化的重要影响和现实意义。
关键词:佛教 龙门石窟 造像 艺术特色
Abstract :This thesis is based on the present research and existing problems of Buddhism and Longmen Grottoes Buddhism statuary art. The author put Longmen Grottoes Buddhism statuary art under the background of Buddhism in order to summarize the distinctive artistic feature and the cultural flavor of Longmen Grottoes as well as to reveal its historical role as a link between past and future by doing research into its character, development and motivation of its prosperous and deterioration during different stages.
First, the thesis analyzes the historical motivation of the development and prosperous of Buddhism in our country from the historical angel. In the author’s opinion, it is the development of Buddhism and the motivation of historic condition that has made the culture of Buddhism come into being and become one noticeable part of traditional Chinese culture. Buddhist grotto art and culture as a special type,in the traditional Chinese culture play an important role.sencondly, the thesis penetrates into its historical background according to the observation and the record of Longmen Grottoes Buddhism statuary art.Thirdly,through the Buddhist Sculptures art in the course of development of our country and its aesthetic characteristics of the understanding,and the Longmen Grottoes and watch the basis of documented history, look into the prosperity of the historical background. Finally, the focus is placed on the thorough research of the distinctive artistic characteristics of Longmen Grottoes Buddhism statuary art, with the emphasis on the effects of the development of Buddhism on statuary art. The Secularization of statuary art is accompanied with the sinicization of Buddhism. The important impact and realistic significance of Buddhism on Chinese traditional culture is summarized through the research of the distinctive artistic characteristics of Buddhism statuary art.
Key words: Buddhism; Longmen Grottoes; statuary ; artistic feature
引 言
自汉代以来,佛教传入中国已有近两千年的历史,它在中国封建社会这个大环境中从传入到发展,受到当时社会政治、经济等各方面的影响,同时,它作为一种文化现象和社会生活的一个组成部分以其博大精深的佛理,宽容救世的精神和出神入化的艺术感染力对中国的思想、文化、艺术等各个方面都产生了重要且深刻的影响,在一定程度上推动着中国文化历史的发展,对中国传统文化的产生和发展起到不可小觑的促进、推动作用。佛教在其发展过程中,常常与各种艺术形式相结合,应运而生的佛教艺术在我国的艺术史上占有举足轻重的地位。其中,佛教石窟艺术便是佛教艺术中最具特点的一个门类。了解中国石窟艺术,有助于更好地了解中国佛教的发展和变化,而从佛教艺术的特点中又可了解当时的社会文化,了解到当时的佛教发展状况。