奎因与模态逻辑的发展
Quine and the Development of Modal Logic
【中文摘要】 现代模态逻辑是一种扩展逻辑,它是经典逻辑加上模态算子进行扩张而形成的新形式系统,它能适用于经典逻辑先前所不能形式处理的模态论证。只是这种扩张不仅涉及到语形层次的修改,而且势必会要求对语义学进行创新。但是,在模态逻辑发展初期所建立的各种模态系统,并没有提出比较完善的语义学解释,所以引起了当时许多学者的质疑。奎因(W.V.Quine)最先对模态逻辑的合法性提出了诘难,他认为“一阶语言对他的哲学理论进行整编,会使哲学理论具有普遍性、系统性及哲学上的透明性”。而模态逻辑需要在经典的一阶语言的基础上增加“必然的”、“可能的”等暧昧性的模态算子,这样就等于使逻辑语言增加了模糊、歧义及不必要的复杂性,与他所追求的“科学理论要具有精确的统一形式”的哲学思想不相符合。所以奎因分别从动机、来源、模态词的指称和解释等方面对模态词逻辑进行了全面而又机智的批判,他最后的结论是“整个模态逻辑都应该取消”。奎因的上述诘难是深刻而强有力的,它激起了及其强烈的反响和广泛的讨论。为了应对奎因的批评,逻辑哲学家针对经典逻辑原则的失效问题;de re模态及所引发的本质主义及与可能世界相关的问题,提出了各种修正方案,对这三类问题的辩护与反驳构成了模态哲学的丰富内容。本文旨在通过全面分析奎因对模态逻辑的批判,论证奎因的批判不能成立,并不足以推翻模态逻辑的整个事业。事实上,在他的批评之后,模态逻辑也发展出了可与非模态语句逻辑的真值表语义学相媲美的形式语义学。所以奎因对模态解释充满困难的态度过于悲观了,也许他忽略了这一点:经典逻辑也曾是一种“逻辑发明”,它走向成熟也需要一个漫长的过程。
【英文摘要】 Modern modal logic is an extension of logic,it is the classical logic with modal operators for expansion and the formation of a new form of system,it applies to classical logic can not be dealt with in a manner previously modal argument.This expansion is not only related to the level of morphological changes,and will certainly require innovative semantics.However,in modal logic established by the early development of a variety of modal systems,and not a more complete explanation of semantics,it attracted many scholars questioned at the time.Quine was first proposed on the criticism of the legitimacy of modal logic,he believed that“first-order language of his philosophy of integration theory,philosophy and theory will be universal,systematic and transparent philosophy”.And the need for classical modal logic first-order language based on the increase in“natural”,“possible”ambiguous in nature,such as modal operator,such language would be tantamount to an increase of fuzzy logic,ambiguity and unnecessary complexity,and his pursuit of“scientific theories should be unified with the precise form of”incompatible with the philosophical thinking.So Quine,respectively,from the motives,the source of allegations of modal and interpretation of the word in terms of modal logic to carry out a full term and witty criticism,he concludes that“the whole should be the abolition of modal logic.”Quine of the above criticism is profound and strong,and it stirred up strong reactions and extensive discussion.In response to criticism of Quine,a philosopher of logic for the effectiveness of the principle of classical logic problem;de re modal and is caused by the nature and possible world-related issues,a variety of amendments to the program,the issue of these three types of defense and to refute the philosophy constitutes a mode of rich content. The purpose of this paper through a comprehensive analysis of Quine's criticism of modal logic,critical appraisal of the Quine can not be established,is not sufficient to cause the overthrow of the entire modal logic.In fact,in his criticism,has also developed a modal logic with non-modal logic truth table semantics sentence comparable to the form of semantics.So Quine explained to the modal attitude is fraught with difficulties too pessimistic,perhaps he overlooked this point:classical logic has a kind of“logic of invention”,which also need to mature a lengthy process.
【中文关键词】 奎因; 模态逻辑; 合法性
【英文关键词】 Quine; modal logic; legitimacy
【毕业论文目录】
中文摘要 3-4
Abstract 4-5
第一章 模态问题 7-10
一、模态问题的阐释 7
二、模态逻辑的发展历程 7-10
第二章 奎因对于模态逻辑的批判 10-14
第三章 关于模态逻辑的合法性论争 14-28
一、克里普克对模态逻辑的辩护 14-20
二、关于可能世界问题的讨论 20-28
1、可能世界语义学 20-22
2、关于可能世界的定义 22-24
3、可能世界的本体地位 24-25
4、跨界同一性和跨界识别 25-28
第四章 模态逻辑推动哲学发展的意义 28-33
一、奎因对模态逻辑批判的评价及意义 28-29
二、模态逻辑推动哲学发展的历程 29-33
结束语 33-34
参考文献 34-35
后记 36
