摘要:在生态环境危机日益加剧的社会背景下,生态补偿已成为保护生态环境的重要措施。建立生态补偿机制是一项十分艰巨和宏大的任务,它需要全社会的共同参与,需要各地方和区域间协调合作,还需要长效的法律制度作为保障,这样才能更好地调整相关利益各方生态及其经济利益的分配关系,促进生态环境保护。本文通过对生态补偿的内涵,理论基础和基本原则的详细阐述,针对我国生态补偿机制现存的主要问题进行思考,主要从法律问题、补偿资金和生态补偿管理问题等问题进行探讨,同时借鉴国外先进经验,对我国生态补偿制度提出几点建议:1.健全生态补偿制度法律体系;2.生态补偿方式应注重的两个关系;3.加强生态补偿政策的宣传教育,增强公众对生态补偿活动的参与;4.加大生态补偿的财政转移支付力度,积极采取各项政策,进行多渠道融资;5.完善生态补偿的管理体制。
关键词:生态补偿 经济外部性理论 基本原则 思考
Abstract
In the background of social of growing crisis in the ecological environment, ecological compensation has become an important measure for the protection of the ecological environment. The establishment of ecological compensation mechanism is a very difficult and ambitious task, it requires the participation of the whole society, the need for coordination among local and regional cooperation, also need the legal system as a long-term protection. so as to better adjust the interests of all parties related to ecological And the distribution relationship between economic interests, and promote ecological and environmental protection. Based on the content of the ecological compensation, the details of theoretical foundation and the basic principles, in allusion on taking the existing main issues of China''s ecological compensation mechanism to ponder, at the same time, put forward some proposals on China''s ecological compensation system by learning from advanced foreign experience. 1. Ecological compensation system sound legal system; 2. Ecological compensation should focus on two relations; 3. Strengthen ecological compensation policy publicity and education to enhance the public''s involvement in the activities of the ecological compensation; 4. Ecological compensation increases the financial transfer payment, and takes active policies, a multi-channel financing; 5. Improve the management system of compensation for ecological.
Key words: ecological compensation ; external economic theory ; basic principles ; thinking
前 言
1997年黄河出现200多天断流和1998年长江发生特大水灾,给黄河流域和长江流域的经济和生态造成重大影响,究其根源主要是上游生态环境的恶化; 2000年以来北方地区遭受沙尘暴的严重袭击,也说明生态恶化对环境的破坏力之强;另外,植被退化、土地沙化和过度砍伐,使得水土流失加剧等状况,将生态问题推倒了全国关注的前沿。近年来,我国采取了一系列保护和改善生态环境的措施,加大了生态环境建设力度。如2000年国务院颁布的《生态环境保护纲要》和2003年颁布的促进西部开发建设的重要文件都明确提出要建立我国生态保护补偿机制。退耕还林、天然林保护、江河源区保护、生态移民等国家级生态工程的实施,使得我国形成了一些有效的生态管理方式。但在实践过程中,我国在生态保护方面还存在着结构性的政策缺位,如环境资源开发者无偿占有生态资源,对破坏生态的行为也未承担相应责任;环境资源保护者得不到应有的经济奖励,受害者得不到应有的经济赔偿。要解决好这类问题,必须建立生态补偿机制,这是一项十分艰巨和宏大的任务,它需要全社会的共同参与,需要各地方和区域间协调合作,还需要长效的法律制度作为保障,这样才能更好地调整相关利益各方生态及其经济利益的分配关系,促进生态环境保护。生态补偿制度的建立和完善,可以为我国生态环境保护和建设得以长期,稳定实施提供政策支持,是十分关键的一步。