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关键词: 血管性痴呆,诊断,分类
血管性痴呆(VaD)是引起老年期痴呆的第二病因,在痴呆中占10%~50%[1]。VaD是一个综合征,不是一个单一的疾病,不同的血管病理变化均可引起VaD症状,包括大、小动脉病变,弥漫性缺血性白质病变,心脏脱落栓子的栓塞,血液动力学改变,出血,血液学因素和遗传性疾病等[2]。与VaD有关的病理生理机制包括局灶性缺血性损害(定位,形态,数量,容积),白质病变(类型,定位,大小),其它与缺血有关的因子(不完全性缺血性坏死及梗死灶周围组织的病理改变,局部脑组织对缺血改变的选择性、易感性),功能因素(梗死产生的局部和远处的功能损害)。这些机制中哪个起主要作用,目前尚不明了,但很可能是多个机制协同作用导致VaD[3]。
1 VaD的分类[4,5]
VaD的神经病理分类包括缺血性和出血性脑损害所致的痴呆、低血氧-低灌流性痴呆。
1.1 多发性脑梗死性痴呆(MID)
MID定义为大血管阻塞所导致的大面积梗死,尤其是多发生在内环状动脉或Willis环及其它主要大脑动脉上。
1.2 关键性梗死性痴呆
关键性梗死性痴呆是由重要皮质、皮质下功能区域的几个小面积梗死灶,有时甚至是单个梗死病灶所引起[6]。最为人们所知的是双侧丘脑梗死导致的具额叶特征的痴呆,其它关键部位如角回、基底前脑-基底下丘脑结构、带状回的病灶也可导致痴呆。
目录:
1 VaD的分类[4,5]
2 诊断VaD的基本要素
3 脑影像学检查在VaD诊断中的应用
4 VaD的神经病理研究
5 血管性痴呆的诊断标准
参考文献:
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