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说明:关键词: 疲劳性运动,运动性疲劳,中枢神经递质和神经调质,血浆中氨基酸
对运动性疲劳的研究已有百余年的历史,但运动性疲劳的生化机制至今还没有完全阐明。运动医学界提出了多种假说对其进行解释,从20世纪30年代的衰竭学说发展到80年代的疲劳链和“突变”理论等。这些假说指出:在运动疲劳发生时,机体内离子代谢发生紊乱,自由基增多,氨大量生成,高能磷酸盐和脂肪酸的浓度改变,内分泌、神经、免疫系统的协调平衡被打破等诸多变化,从而导致疲劳的发生。许多学者认为运动性疲劳的发生机制与运动的类型有关,如短时间剧烈运动时出现的疲劳,往往与肌肉中能源物质的消耗及乳酸等代谢产物的堆积这些外周因素有关,而长时间中等强度的运动产生的疲劳,则以中枢神经系统出现保护性抑制的中枢因素为主。中枢神经系统中的神经递质和神经调质参与了这种疲劳的发生,它们大致可分为兴奋性和抑制性两种,前者包括谷氨酸(Glu)和天冬氨酸(
asp)等;后者有γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和5-羟色胺(5—HT)等。运动时这些递质的变化规律目前尚未完全阐明,对其深入研究不但可以加深对运动性疲劳的理论认识,而且可指导体育运动训练,延迟运动性疲劳的发生和发展。
目录: 1 运动与血浆游离氨基酸
2 运动与脑内神经递质
3 运动时血浆游离氨基酸改变和中枢递质改变的关系
4 小结
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作者点评:虽然目前的研究结果不完全一致,但仍然可以看出:运动影响了外周AA和中枢的递质,而且这些递质的改变与运动疲劳的发生和发展有关。递质变化可能与递质的相互作用、递质受体的浓度和活性变化、载体蛋白的改变、血脑屏障渗透性的改变等诸多因素有关。微透析技术将为上述研究提供较为客观的取样和检测方法,若在此基础上规范实验方案,进行动态研究,有助于更好地了解运动对神经递质影响的规律,便可增加对运动疲劳机制的了解,在实际应用中,才能适宜地选择训练方法和负荷,提高身体抗疲劳能力并加速疲劳的消除,从而提高训练水平和运动成绩。