中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异
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资料包括： 论文(23页6229字)
说明：
摘 要：论文阐释了个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异，美国人认为个人主义是一种“个性”，而中国人则认为它代表的就是“自私”。产生这种差异的根本原因就在于中美两国拥有不同的文化背景。作为一个社会发展的产物和一种文化现象，个人主义不应该用对或是错来衡量，而作为马克思主义者，就更加应该客观、公正的看待从不同文化当中衍生出来的东西。中国人要正确认识个人主义必须从美国文化当中理解个人主义。只有真正认识、理解了个人主义，才能从根本上消除中国人对个人主义产生的误读以及对个人主义错误的运用。在此之后，也就可以将个人主义中积极合理的一面应用到中国社会的发展中，并以此来完善和发展自己。
关键词：个人主义,文化现象,积极因素,社会产物,
Abstract
The paper represents a different recognition between Chinese and American people towards individualism. American people regard individualism as “individuality”, while Chinese people think individualism is equivalent to “selfishness”. Different culture backgrounds between China and America result in the different recognitions toward individualism. As a social product and a phenomenon of the culture, right or wrong should not be branded with individualism and as a Marxist, an objective and dialectical method should be used to judge individualism. Only when Chinese people acknowledge individualism in a right, can they remove their misunderstanding towards individualism and the wrong exercise of it. Then after they realize individualism in a right way, they could take advantage of it in the construction of Chinese society and the development of themselves.
Key Words
Individualism; cultural phenomenon; the positive aspect; social product
Introduction
This paper discusses the different recognitions towards individualism between Chinese and American people based on the different cultural background.
American people think that individualism stands for personality; it is also an alternative, which shows a person who has self-reliance and self-struggle. It emphasizes on the independence, value, status, and personal right. All of them are sacred and inviolable. America is a multi-culture country, after Columbus discovered this land, people from different places of the world flowed to the new land. Americans have been called rootless nationality, for most people live in America are from other places. During the reign of James I, the Presbyterian majority unsuccessfully attempted to impose their ideas on the established English church at the Hampton Court Conference. The result was mutual disaffection and a persecution of the Puritans, particularly by Archbishop William Laud, that brought about Puritan migration to Europe and America. They hoped to look for freedom and a new world. So when the Europeans on the May Flower stepped on this land, which had no national sentiment that should formed during a long time, the personal interests have been considered much important than anything else. It is a rule to protect one’s own interests in a strange place.
However, in China, which has a long history of more than 5,000 years, the cultural origins could date back to the primitive society, when Shanding cave people lived and worked together the interests of the collective were sure to be much higher than personal interests were. Therefore, under the influence of the collective the personal interests, which could be considered as individualism, are much looked down upon. The vice influence of individualism is certainly exists, but it’s positive and reasonable side make America develop to be a powerful country in only 200 years. Though collective interest is above everything, extremely denying the individualism is also not an objective and just way. In China, the positive side of individualism could still play a favorable role. Recently as so many people ignored the good aspect of individualism, right recognitions should be emphasized again. Individualism is a phenomenon with great cultural characteristics, and it cannot be justified only with right or wrong. It should be justified objectively and justly. Only after right recognitions have been accepted, China could gain a brand-new way to develop it and Chinese people could also build up their confidence and promote the reliance of their self-worth.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要.…………………………………………………………………………….…….Ⅱ
关键词………………………………………………………………………….…Ⅱ
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
Ⅰ. Individualism in America…………………………………………………….…….3
A. The Origin of Individualism……………………………………….3
B. The Influence of Individualism on American Society…………………………..3
C. American’s Attitude Towards Individualism…………………………………….5
Ⅱ. Individualism in China………………………………………………………….….6
A. The Appearance of Individualism in China……………………………………..6
B. The Influence of Individualism on China ………………………….7
C. Chinese’s Attitude Towards Individualism………………………………………8
Ⅲ. Right Recognition of Individualism and Its Advanced Aspect……………….…10
A. The Characteristics of Individualism…………………………………………10
B. Correct Acknowledgements of the Individualism…………………………….12
C. Positive Aspects of Individualism……………………………….……………14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..16
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………….…17
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..18
参考文献：
Greene, Albert. Christianity and Western Culture. Beijing : Peking University Press, 2005.
Gu Hongming. The Spirit of the Chinese People. Beijing : Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Selected Essays of Emerson. Xi’an Shanxi: People’s Publishing House, 2005.
Wang Zuoliang, Zhu Yu, Li Pinwei and Gao Houkun. European Culture: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.
Zhu Yongtao. Essentials of British and American Cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.
爱默生. 爱默生随笔[M]. 黄立波编译. 西安: 陕西人民出版社,2005.
车文博. 弗洛伊德文集[C]. 长春: 长春出版社,1998.
弗朗西斯.福山. 历史的终结及最后人[M]. 北京: 中国社科出版社,2003.
罗伯特.贝拉. 心灵的习性[M]. 北京: 新华出版社,2004.
李其荣. 美国文化解读[R]. 济南: 济南出版社,2005.
李之鼎.胡适的个人主义评价问题[EB/OL].世纪中国. http://www.scuec.edu.cn/stu/article.php/793, 2006-03-02.
钱满素. 爱默生和中国------对个人主义的反思[M]. 北京: 新知三联书店,1996.
托克维尔. 论美国的民主[M]. 董果良译.北京: 商务印书馆,2004.
周剑铭. 个人主义文化论[EB/OL]. 中国报道. http://www.weachina.com/html/02838.htm, 2006-08-07.
[15] 翟学伟. 中国人社会行动的结构----个人主义和集体主义的终结[N]. 南京大学学报(哲学.人文.社科版), 1998-01.
作者点评：
中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异
Individualism is not equal to selfishness. As a kind of social and political psychology, individualism emphasizes on independence, creativity, developing freely and not restricted by the power of society, politics and religion. Individualism is a beautiful symbol in western people’s eyes, but in China individualism only means selfishness. Therefore, when analyzing the nature and function of western individualism, one should use a dialectical method. Both of them do not negate everything of individualism; equal it to selfishness and do not only see the positive aspect of it. One should also realize that individualism is not egoism. Having a right recognition towards individualism can help a person to develop himself, improve his value and cultivate his ability of creation. Individualism also plays an important role in the construction of society. As a product of development of the society and a phenomenon of a culture, no right or wrong should be branded with individualism, but only a dialectical method should be used to analyze it. The different culture between China and America certainly result in the misunderstanding of Chinese people toward individualism. Only when Chinese people realized the culture of America, can they have a more objective attitude towards individualism. Collectivism plays an important part in Chinese history, but if individualism combined with collectivism, it may give full play to Chinese society. So objectively speaking, individualism is positive and desirable.
资料包括： 论文(23页6229字)
说明：
摘 要：论文阐释了个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异，美国人认为个人主义是一种“个性”，而中国人则认为它代表的就是“自私”。产生这种差异的根本原因就在于中美两国拥有不同的文化背景。作为一个社会发展的产物和一种文化现象，个人主义不应该用对或是错来衡量，而作为马克思主义者，就更加应该客观、公正的看待从不同文化当中衍生出来的东西。中国人要正确认识个人主义必须从美国文化当中理解个人主义。只有真正认识、理解了个人主义，才能从根本上消除中国人对个人主义产生的误读以及对个人主义错误的运用。在此之后，也就可以将个人主义中积极合理的一面应用到中国社会的发展中，并以此来完善和发展自己。
关键词：个人主义,文化现象,积极因素,社会产物,
Abstract
The paper represents a different recognition between Chinese and American people towards individualism. American people regard individualism as “individuality”, while Chinese people think individualism is equivalent to “selfishness”. Different culture backgrounds between China and America result in the different recognitions toward individualism. As a social product and a phenomenon of the culture, right or wrong should not be branded with individualism and as a Marxist, an objective and dialectical method should be used to judge individualism. Only when Chinese people acknowledge individualism in a right, can they remove their misunderstanding towards individualism and the wrong exercise of it. Then after they realize individualism in a right way, they could take advantage of it in the construction of Chinese society and the development of themselves.
Key Words
Individualism; cultural phenomenon; the positive aspect; social product
Introduction
This paper discusses the different recognitions towards individualism between Chinese and American people based on the different cultural background.
American people think that individualism stands for personality; it is also an alternative, which shows a person who has self-reliance and self-struggle. It emphasizes on the independence, value, status, and personal right. All of them are sacred and inviolable. America is a multi-culture country, after Columbus discovered this land, people from different places of the world flowed to the new land. Americans have been called rootless nationality, for most people live in America are from other places. During the reign of James I, the Presbyterian majority unsuccessfully attempted to impose their ideas on the established English church at the Hampton Court Conference. The result was mutual disaffection and a persecution of the Puritans, particularly by Archbishop William Laud, that brought about Puritan migration to Europe and America. They hoped to look for freedom and a new world. So when the Europeans on the May Flower stepped on this land, which had no national sentiment that should formed during a long time, the personal interests have been considered much important than anything else. It is a rule to protect one’s own interests in a strange place.
However, in China, which has a long history of more than 5,000 years, the cultural origins could date back to the primitive society, when Shanding cave people lived and worked together the interests of the collective were sure to be much higher than personal interests were. Therefore, under the influence of the collective the personal interests, which could be considered as individualism, are much looked down upon. The vice influence of individualism is certainly exists, but it’s positive and reasonable side make America develop to be a powerful country in only 200 years. Though collective interest is above everything, extremely denying the individualism is also not an objective and just way. In China, the positive side of individualism could still play a favorable role. Recently as so many people ignored the good aspect of individualism, right recognitions should be emphasized again. Individualism is a phenomenon with great cultural characteristics, and it cannot be justified only with right or wrong. It should be justified objectively and justly. Only after right recognitions have been accepted, China could gain a brand-new way to develop it and Chinese people could also build up their confidence and promote the reliance of their self-worth.
目录：
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要.…………………………………………………………………………….…….Ⅱ
关键词………………………………………………………………………….…Ⅱ
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
Ⅰ. Individualism in America…………………………………………………….…….3
A. The Origin of Individualism……………………………………….3
B. The Influence of Individualism on American Society…………………………..3
C. American’s Attitude Towards Individualism…………………………………….5
Ⅱ. Individualism in China………………………………………………………….….6
A. The Appearance of Individualism in China……………………………………..6
B. The Influence of Individualism on China ………………………….7
C. Chinese’s Attitude Towards Individualism………………………………………8
Ⅲ. Right Recognition of Individualism and Its Advanced Aspect……………….…10
A. The Characteristics of Individualism…………………………………………10
B. Correct Acknowledgements of the Individualism…………………………….12
C. Positive Aspects of Individualism……………………………….……………14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..16
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………….…17
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..18
参考文献：
Greene, Albert. Christianity and Western Culture. Beijing : Peking University Press, 2005.
Gu Hongming. The Spirit of the Chinese People. Beijing : Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Selected Essays of Emerson. Xi’an Shanxi: People’s Publishing House, 2005.
Wang Zuoliang, Zhu Yu, Li Pinwei and Gao Houkun. European Culture: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.
Zhu Yongtao. Essentials of British and American Cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.
爱默生. 爱默生随笔[M]. 黄立波编译. 西安: 陕西人民出版社,2005.
车文博. 弗洛伊德文集[C]. 长春: 长春出版社,1998.
弗朗西斯.福山. 历史的终结及最后人[M]. 北京: 中国社科出版社,2003.
罗伯特.贝拉. 心灵的习性[M]. 北京: 新华出版社,2004.
李其荣. 美国文化解读[R]. 济南: 济南出版社,2005.
李之鼎.胡适的个人主义评价问题[EB/OL].世纪中国. http://www.scuec.edu.cn/stu/article.php/793, 2006-03-02.
钱满素. 爱默生和中国------对个人主义的反思[M]. 北京: 新知三联书店,1996.
托克维尔. 论美国的民主[M]. 董果良译.北京: 商务印书馆,2004.
周剑铭. 个人主义文化论[EB/OL]. 中国报道. http://www.weachina.com/html/02838.htm, 2006-08-07.
[15] 翟学伟. 中国人社会行动的结构----个人主义和集体主义的终结[N]. 南京大学学报(哲学.人文.社科版), 1998-01.
作者点评：
中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异
Individualism is not equal to selfishness. As a kind of social and political psychology, individualism emphasizes on independence, creativity, developing freely and not restricted by the power of society, politics and religion. Individualism is a beautiful symbol in western people’s eyes, but in China individualism only means selfishness. Therefore, when analyzing the nature and function of western individualism, one should use a dialectical method. Both of them do not negate everything of individualism; equal it to selfishness and do not only see the positive aspect of it. One should also realize that individualism is not egoism. Having a right recognition towards individualism can help a person to develop himself, improve his value and cultivate his ability of creation. Individualism also plays an important role in the construction of society. As a product of development of the society and a phenomenon of a culture, no right or wrong should be branded with individualism, but only a dialectical method should be used to analyze it. The different culture between China and America certainly result in the misunderstanding of Chinese people toward individualism. Only when Chinese people realized the culture of America, can they have a more objective attitude towards individualism. Collectivism plays an important part in Chinese history, but if individualism combined with collectivism, it may give full play to Chinese society. So objectively speaking, individualism is positive and desirable.