从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理
资料包括： 论文(21页5666字)
说明：
摘 要：不同民族在文化，经济，政治方面的发展是不平衡的。当两个民族的关系日益密切的世界，生产力水平比较低，文化比较落后的民族，学习生产力发展水平比较高，文化比较发达的民族显然有利于自己的发展。在现代社会，一个国家排斥外来事物是不可能，也是愚蠢的。因此，为了我们国家更好的发展，我们就必须学习其他国家的文化和先进技术。但是这就需要我们能够与其他国家很好地交流。语言就是人类最重要的交际工具。文化对语言的影响最明显地体现在词汇的语言意义上，尤其是外来词。外来词是民族之间直接或间接接触的产物，它会融合不同的语言文化，具有语言文化的二重性。了解了更多的外来词后，我们可以更好地学习其他民族的先进文化和技术。
关键词：外来词; 文化; 吸收; 音译
Abstract
Different nations are different in economy, politic, culture, and so on. When contact becomes much closer between two nations, one nation of lower productivity learns from the other of higher productivity level and advanced culture, as is beneficial to its development obviously. In order to develop our country faster, we need to learn other countries’ cultures and advanced technology. But this needs us to communicate with people from other countries well. Language is one of the most important tools to humans. Language reflects social reality; culture reflects language, which can be embodied in the meaning of vocabularies distinctively, especially the loanwords. Loanword is a production of direct contact and indirect contact among different nations. Language will blend different elements from languages and have the duality of different cultures. We can absorb and handle something useful through loanwords.
Key Words
Loanwords; culture; absorb; transliteration
Introduction
Language is the carrier of culture. Impacted with different national cultures, language always plays the important leading role. The communication and blend of cultures always leave deep marks. In all components of language, loanwords can represent such marks more clearly.
The Chinese vocabulary has experienced long process. The vocabulary has become rich through the development of itself; on the other hand, the vocabulary has become richer because they have absorbed amounts of foreign components from other languages. From Qin Dynasty to the contemporary era, contacting with foreign culture every time, the Chinese vocabulary has absorbed amounts of loanwords. Some loanwords have experienced longer history; we cannot distinguish their “foreign identity” now (Liu Zaifu, 1998). At the same time, most of them have become parts of Chinese through Chinesization and make the Chinese show a lenience trait，so the Chinese vocabularies have such profound visage. For every historical period, predecessors discussed loanwords earlier, but how the loanwords entered into Chinese and became parts of Chinese, they did not pay more attention to.
Different nations are different in economy, politic, culture, and so on. When contact becomes much closer between two nations, one nation of lower productivity learns from the other of higher productivity level and advanced culture, as is beneficial to its development obviously. The trade communication and cultural communication are among different nations, their immigrants live together，conquer of the war. All of these differences will increase the contact of language, affect each other in contact process, and make the structure of one language permeate into another language.
The components of language include construction, semantic，vocabulary and grammar. They have great differences with the social contact; such differences keep the imbalance of social contact. Semantic and vocabulary can reflect and change society quickly. Contrasted with them, language and grammar are more stable. In social life, fresh things bring old things, the concepts of people will be changed, and this can be reflected in vocabularies. Every language has absorbing function, and such function can be reflected clearly on the vocabularies sometimes. (Xu Tongqiang, P320, 2001) It does not fear to be connected with other languages, and then it can absorb fresh vocabularies when it is necessary. The fresh vocabularies reflect fact. In the modern society, it is impossible and foolish that an independent country expels exotic, foreign things. Because of reality, our nation must absorb amounts of loanwords no doubt. If we do not absorb loanwords, we cannot settle the problem about conveying information.
The cultural communication of different nations has offered chances to loanwords. Several essential conditions can promote the loanwords atmosphere in Chinese. They are introduction and dissemination of foreign things, self-identity of foreign culture by the common people. It needs an opening social environment as a benign cause to promote the “growth” of loanwords. The frequency usage of loanwords is decided by the dissemination level of foreign things. The ability of loanwords to create new vocabularies is related to the self-identity level of the common people.
Abstract……..………………………………………………..………I
Key Words…………………………………………………………….……I
摘要……..….…Ⅱ
关键词 ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……1
Ⅰ. Different Loanwords and the Influence of Loanwords..3
A. Different Loanwords3
B. the Influence of loanwords…………………………………………………….5
Ⅱ. The Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western Culture…………………….6
Ⅲ. Different Handling Styles of Loanwords………………………………………….7
A. Translation……………………………………………………………………….7
B. Free Translation………………………………………………………………9
C. Half Transliteration and Half Free Translation…………………………………10
D. Both Transliteration and Free Translation………………………………….10
E. Borrowed Translation…………………………………………………………11
F. Abbreviation Form of English Alphabet………………………………………11
G. Some Brands Translation……………………………………………………….11
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……….…..13
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………15
Bibliography……………………………………………………………….……….16
参考文献：
Bronislaw Malinowski. The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language. London:
University of London, 1923.
Sapir. E. Language. New York: New York Harcourt Brace, 1927.
岑麒祥. 汉语外来词词典[Z]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1990. 8.
陈原. 语言与社会生活[M]. 北京: 三联出版社, 1980.
陈原. 社会语言学[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2000.
顾嘉祖. 语言与文化[M]. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 1996.
郭熙. 中国社会语言学[M]. 南京: 南京大学出版社, 1999.
刘涌泉, 乔毅. 应用语言学[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1991.
史有为, 刘正琰, 高名凯等. 汉语外来词词典[Z]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社,
1984.
史有为. 汉语外来词[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2001. 1.
史有为. 异文化的使者—外来词[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 2004.
王开建. 新时期源自英语外来词的文化分析[EB/OL].
http://www.cycnet.com/cms/2004/englishcorner/vocabulary/t20050704_24060.htm
王力. 汉语史稿[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1980.
香港中国语文学会. 近现代汉语新词词源词典[Z]. 北京: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001.
[15]刑福义. 文化语言学[M]. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 1991.
[16]徐通锵. 基础语言学教程[S]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2001. 2.
作者点评：
从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理
Language is a cultural and social phenomenon. It accumulates many “cultural dregs” in its long history. Cultural factor always permeates into every lay of language. Language has stored function, it stores all life experiences of predecessors, records national history, reflects economic life, prospects cultural mood of one nation, contains thought style, marks cultural communication of different cultures. Culture needs store, spread and inherit, the cultural development propel the development of language.
National language and national culture like twins, they live together. Nation feeds them grow up, they affect and promote each other, and they have cohered very close relationship. First, language takes the key function of spreading media in the process. The process is the origin and evolution of human culture, growth and richness of language. It is the premise of whole culture development. Second, language, including the way of usage, it cannot exceed culture to live independently. It disobeys the nation, decides life style and custom of this nation. The development of culture can impel and promote the development of language. So language and culture are the closest relationship. Without so many other languages, several important languages cannot form and develop. Now, most of people use Chinese all over the world, because Chinese absorbs many foreign components from other nations.
Above all, the frequent usage of loanwords from English reflects western culture has permeated into every corner of our city and country quickly, comprehensively. Under the new period of reform and opening, English loanwords change not only quantity, but also quality. They have changed a lot. It cannot imagine that we absorb the loanwords invariable. We are absorbing and assimilating the loanwords actively by more open mentality and global village. “New language is the production of society, and it needs to check society and determinate time.”
With the process of time, some of them will disappear soon, and some will enter into common core. Everything is changing besides the language. It is changing all the time; people cannot sense it because of its speed. But, after a long time, mite changes in every day can show great differences in periods. Why did the language change? With the development of society, language should ameliorate its structure continuously to fit the development of society and serve for the society better. The development of language is a basic condition of the development of society. Language is one of the most important communication tools to humans and ties between social members. So language is much closer to the development of society. With the development of society, the ability to realize the reality and ameliorate the reality is strengthened continually. Fresh things and concepts spring up continually. So it needs us to enrich our vocabularies, ameliorate grammar to fit the needs of communication.
With integration of world economy and the communication of culture become more widely, we should know and research western culture deeply, cope with the permeation of different cultural thoughts actively, absorb civilization fruits of western culture bravely, prosperous and develop advanced culture of our nation gradually. Language is a dynamic openness system, which helps humans convey information and realize communication. As a special social phenomenon, its development always develops following the development of society. Vocabulary is an important part in language. In other components of language, it is more openness, complex than pronunciation and grammar. All of these results will leave deep marks in the vocabulary. They are pulse of economy development in different periods, fruits of progress of science and technology, track of life changing, tendency of cultural tidal current, change of interpersonal relation, and so on. It is necessary that we should learn more new loanwords.