英国战争对英语习语的影响
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资料包括： 论文(22页6433字)
说明：
摘 要：英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一。英语习语渗透着浓厚的西方文化气息，交织着其他民族的巨大的影响。随着时代的变迁，旧的语言逐渐衰亡，新的语言不断产生。习语是民族的一面镜子，它包含了一个民族的历史文化背景，他们对生活的态度及其生活，思维的方式等众多的信息。英语习语的形成受到英语民族的地理环境，历史发展，风俗习惯，宗教信仰，文学艺术等诸多文化因素的影响。英语习语源远流长，有很强的表现力和鲜明的民族色彩。恰当地使用习语能够丰富语言，增添其形象性和表达力。随着跨文化交际的增多，迫切需要对英语习语理解和翻译的方法进行探索。恰如其分的习语翻译对日益频繁的跨文化交际起着重要作用。本文通过对英语习语来源，特征及翻译的原则和方法的详述，结合大量生动的例子，旨在帮助英语学习者更好地了解英国战争，提高他们翻译有关英国战争英语历史的习语的能力。文章主要探讨了与英国战争历史有关的习语。通过对英语习语的英国战争历史发展的研究，更加深入的理解英语习语。
关键词：英语习语，来源，英国战争，语言，影响
Abstract
English is one of the languages with most abundant vocabulary in the world. English idioms are permeated with a strong flavor and intertwined with the influences of other members of the nation. With the change of times, the old language gradually declined, a new language emerges constantly. Idiom is a mirror of a nation. It comprises the historical and cultural background as well as the attitude to life and the ways of people. The formation of English idioms is influenced by such cultural factors as geographical conditions, historical developments, customs, religious beliefs, literature and arts of the British nation. The origin of English idioms goes back to ancient times. It has a strong expressiveness and vivid national character. A right use of them in speech and writing will add much to variety, strength and vividness of the language. With the increasing cross-cultural communication, approaches to the comprehension and translation of English idioms are urgently needed. An appropriate translation of English idioms plays a significant role in the more frequent cross-cultural communication. Through expounding the origins, characteristics, translation principles and methods of English idioms, the thesis aims to help English learners have a better understanding of British War and develop their abilities of English idioms’ translation by listing many lively examples. This article mainly discusses the influences of the history of British war on English idioms. People can have a deep understanding of English idioms through the study of the development of the history of British War.
Key Words
English idioms; origin; British war; language; influence
Introduction
“An idiom is a phase whose meaning is different or sometimes impossible to guess by looking at the meanings of the individual words it contains.” (A S Hornby, 2004, B19)
Language is being regarded as a purely social product of the development of the society. At the beginning of the formation of the earth, there was nothing. such as air, water, plant, human, language did not exist. So the language is improving with the development of society. And languages are always developing. The English idioms are the fruits of the development of language and are used for a long time in language using. With the changes of times, old language became feeble gradually and the new ones bring out continuously to replace the old ones. The vestiges of history mainly remain in idioms.
Referring to the fundamental characteristics of the culture, concrete and superficial elements, and a cultural pattern in which a nation or a community has been living for long are rather stable. However, it may be encountered with certain crises resulting from drastic changes in a particular period. When these changes grow drastic enough, the original cultural pattern cannot efficiently control its residents any more and needs to be reconstructed. This kind of reconstruction is named cultural transformation. During a cultural transformation, the original cultural pattern is gradually giving place to a new cultural pattern, with the much-disconcerted original society adjusts to meet with the tremendous exterior changes. As a result, a new cultural pattern comes into being, and the society sees a fast development. In English, thousands of idioms originated from great historical events and the societies’ transformations. For the historical reasons Englishmen usually use the idioms consists of other countries and other words to despise other countries’ people---Frenchmen, Dutchmen, Greek and so on. But with the development of society and flashing of time, some of them have faded their original meaning.
To some extent, the geography has an impact on idiom formation, and the language would be different in terms of the clime, the climate and the environment etc. U.K is an island country, and England is the first largest island in Europe. He has a winded seacoast, and the total length is 11.450km. The only way out to many European countries is the North Sea, the Dover Channel, and the English Channel, whereas, it is one of the busiest voyage passage. The position of U.K., an island, has a vital meaning for its own development, and has a huge influence on forming idiom.
The article mainly discusses the influences of the history of British war on English idioms. Idioms in terms of the historical development of British War were extremely important that only through understanding the idioms of the British War history. For a Better understanding of the war, the British translation of English Idioms, and the rote or literally scrutiny, these two approaches are not feasible. English idioms related to the war that is necessary for studying the development of history.
目录：
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘 要………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1
I. The English Idioms Derived from Conquests and Invasions in Britain ………3
A. The Influences of Roman Conquest on English Idioms…………………………3
B. The Influences of Teutonic Conquest on English Idioms…………………………5
C. The Influences of Invasion of Vikings on English Idioms………………………6
D. The Influences of Normandy Conquest on English Idioms………………………7
II. The Influences of the Two World Wars on English Idioms……………………8
A. The English Idioms Originated from World War I………………………9
B. The English Idioms Originated from World War II……………………10
III. The Military Words Used in English Idioms…………………………………11
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………14
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………17
参考文献：
A S Hornby. Oxford Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary[Z], Oxford: Oxford University Press, The Commercial Press, 2004.
Baker, M. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Fernando. C. Idioms and idiomatic[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
Judy Pearsall. The New Oxford dictionary of English [Z] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Nida, E.A. Language and Culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
陈文伯.英语成语与汉语成语[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1982.
陈柏松.英语习语概论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社1986.
董应武.英语习语研究及其启示[D]. 重庆: 西南师范大学, 2002.
郭著章,李庆生.英汉互译实用教程[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 1996.
胡壮麟.语言学教程(修订版)[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2002.
胡文仲.英语习语与英美文化[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社2000.
李维光.英语文化艺术词典[Z]. 香港：天马图书有限公司1992.
平洪.英汉习语与英美文化[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.
宋鹰.文化与习语翻译[D]. 上海: 上海海运学院, 2003.
[15] 汪福祥, 施海琦.现代英语习惯用语500例 [M]. 北京: 外文出版, 2000.
[16] 于洁.英汉习语及其互译研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南师范大学, 2003.
[17] 余卫华，敖得列.英语词词典的辞典[Z]. 武汉：中国地质大学出版,1992.
[18] 余志远.英语国家概况[M]. 北京：外语教育与研究出版社2000.
[19] 郁福敏，郭珊琏.英语习语对比[M]. 上海：上海交通大学出版社1975.
[20] 张宁.英汉习语的文化差异及翻译[J]. 中国翻译, 1999, (3): 48-52.
作者点评：
英国战争对英语习语的影响
Idiom is a mirror of a nation. They comprise the historical and cultural background as well as the attitude to life and the ways of people. The formation of English idioms is influenced by such cultural factors as geographical conditions, historical developments, customs, religious beliefs, literature and arts of the British nation. The origin of English idioms goes back to ancient times. It has a strong expressiveness and vivid national characters. A right use of them in speech and writing will add much to variety, strength and vividness of the language.
Generally speaking, we advocate that a translator should stick to no ethnocentric translation, display initiative over passivity and prefer altruism to egoism. This requires that a translator should be somewhat sacrificial. As for the ideal image of a translator in the period of British War history, maybe the excerpt from Lu Xun is the most impressive.
Revolutionists are always liked to Prometheus in Greece myths, which are not regretful though tortured by Zeus, for their common generosity and firmness. But I steal fire from other countries just in order to stew the flesh of my own, and I believe my sacrifice of body worthwhile if eaters can benefit much from it. However, I wish myself somewhat beneficial to the society so that readers still have the opportunity to enjoy the stolen fire and light.
We can understand that British War influences English idioms a lot. The language could not improve through itself. It must be influenced by the society. Idiom is one of the forms of expression of language. Idioms are not only the essence of language, but also the epitome of language and the concentrated features of language. Language is the service of human activities. Idioms vividly reflect all aspects of human life.
From the Roman Conquest British Latin culture formed through four hundred years influences. The Teutonic Conquest had great influences on the formation of English. The Anglo-Saxon was one of the three origins of Modern English vocabulary. The Invasion of Vikings mixed the influences on English idioms with the language of Anglo-Saxon. The Normandy Conquest made French became one of the three origins of Modern English. The two World Wars were not only making new words but also giving the old words new meanings. From these expositions we can understand that war is not all the bad but have more advantages. The War brought the part of English idioms and recorded the development of the society.
In short, the British War History affected English idioms enormously. We can found effects of the origin of human from English idioms through the influences of British War to English idioms. The development of the British War history always influences the English idioms. Great historical events and societies'' transformations make language change and the development of language always be influenced by history and society many words and idioms originate from great historical events and societies'' transformations. Many of them are full of despising mocking derogatory etc. But with the development of society and history and the flashing of time, some of them have faded their original meaning.
资料包括： 论文(22页6433字)
说明：
摘 要：英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一。英语习语渗透着浓厚的西方文化气息，交织着其他民族的巨大的影响。随着时代的变迁，旧的语言逐渐衰亡，新的语言不断产生。习语是民族的一面镜子，它包含了一个民族的历史文化背景，他们对生活的态度及其生活，思维的方式等众多的信息。英语习语的形成受到英语民族的地理环境，历史发展，风俗习惯，宗教信仰，文学艺术等诸多文化因素的影响。英语习语源远流长，有很强的表现力和鲜明的民族色彩。恰当地使用习语能够丰富语言，增添其形象性和表达力。随着跨文化交际的增多，迫切需要对英语习语理解和翻译的方法进行探索。恰如其分的习语翻译对日益频繁的跨文化交际起着重要作用。本文通过对英语习语来源，特征及翻译的原则和方法的详述，结合大量生动的例子，旨在帮助英语学习者更好地了解英国战争，提高他们翻译有关英国战争英语历史的习语的能力。文章主要探讨了与英国战争历史有关的习语。通过对英语习语的英国战争历史发展的研究，更加深入的理解英语习语。
关键词：英语习语，来源，英国战争，语言，影响
Abstract
English is one of the languages with most abundant vocabulary in the world. English idioms are permeated with a strong flavor and intertwined with the influences of other members of the nation. With the change of times, the old language gradually declined, a new language emerges constantly. Idiom is a mirror of a nation. It comprises the historical and cultural background as well as the attitude to life and the ways of people. The formation of English idioms is influenced by such cultural factors as geographical conditions, historical developments, customs, religious beliefs, literature and arts of the British nation. The origin of English idioms goes back to ancient times. It has a strong expressiveness and vivid national character. A right use of them in speech and writing will add much to variety, strength and vividness of the language. With the increasing cross-cultural communication, approaches to the comprehension and translation of English idioms are urgently needed. An appropriate translation of English idioms plays a significant role in the more frequent cross-cultural communication. Through expounding the origins, characteristics, translation principles and methods of English idioms, the thesis aims to help English learners have a better understanding of British War and develop their abilities of English idioms’ translation by listing many lively examples. This article mainly discusses the influences of the history of British war on English idioms. People can have a deep understanding of English idioms through the study of the development of the history of British War.
Key Words
English idioms; origin; British war; language; influence
Introduction
“An idiom is a phase whose meaning is different or sometimes impossible to guess by looking at the meanings of the individual words it contains.” (A S Hornby, 2004, B19)
Language is being regarded as a purely social product of the development of the society. At the beginning of the formation of the earth, there was nothing. such as air, water, plant, human, language did not exist. So the language is improving with the development of society. And languages are always developing. The English idioms are the fruits of the development of language and are used for a long time in language using. With the changes of times, old language became feeble gradually and the new ones bring out continuously to replace the old ones. The vestiges of history mainly remain in idioms.
Referring to the fundamental characteristics of the culture, concrete and superficial elements, and a cultural pattern in which a nation or a community has been living for long are rather stable. However, it may be encountered with certain crises resulting from drastic changes in a particular period. When these changes grow drastic enough, the original cultural pattern cannot efficiently control its residents any more and needs to be reconstructed. This kind of reconstruction is named cultural transformation. During a cultural transformation, the original cultural pattern is gradually giving place to a new cultural pattern, with the much-disconcerted original society adjusts to meet with the tremendous exterior changes. As a result, a new cultural pattern comes into being, and the society sees a fast development. In English, thousands of idioms originated from great historical events and the societies’ transformations. For the historical reasons Englishmen usually use the idioms consists of other countries and other words to despise other countries’ people---Frenchmen, Dutchmen, Greek and so on. But with the development of society and flashing of time, some of them have faded their original meaning.
To some extent, the geography has an impact on idiom formation, and the language would be different in terms of the clime, the climate and the environment etc. U.K is an island country, and England is the first largest island in Europe. He has a winded seacoast, and the total length is 11.450km. The only way out to many European countries is the North Sea, the Dover Channel, and the English Channel, whereas, it is one of the busiest voyage passage. The position of U.K., an island, has a vital meaning for its own development, and has a huge influence on forming idiom.
The article mainly discusses the influences of the history of British war on English idioms. Idioms in terms of the historical development of British War were extremely important that only through understanding the idioms of the British War history. For a Better understanding of the war, the British translation of English Idioms, and the rote or literally scrutiny, these two approaches are not feasible. English idioms related to the war that is necessary for studying the development of history.
目录：
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Key Words…………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘 要………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
关键词………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1
I. The English Idioms Derived from Conquests and Invasions in Britain ………3
A. The Influences of Roman Conquest on English Idioms…………………………3
B. The Influences of Teutonic Conquest on English Idioms…………………………5
C. The Influences of Invasion of Vikings on English Idioms………………………6
D. The Influences of Normandy Conquest on English Idioms………………………7
II. The Influences of the Two World Wars on English Idioms……………………8
A. The English Idioms Originated from World War I………………………9
B. The English Idioms Originated from World War II……………………10
III. The Military Words Used in English Idioms…………………………………11
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………14
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………17
参考文献：
A S Hornby. Oxford Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary[Z], Oxford: Oxford University Press, The Commercial Press, 2004.
Baker, M. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Fernando. C. Idioms and idiomatic[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
Judy Pearsall. The New Oxford dictionary of English [Z] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Nida, E.A. Language and Culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
陈文伯.英语成语与汉语成语[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1982.
陈柏松.英语习语概论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社1986.
董应武.英语习语研究及其启示[D]. 重庆: 西南师范大学, 2002.
郭著章,李庆生.英汉互译实用教程[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 1996.
胡壮麟.语言学教程(修订版)[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2002.
胡文仲.英语习语与英美文化[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社2000.
李维光.英语文化艺术词典[Z]. 香港：天马图书有限公司1992.
平洪.英汉习语与英美文化[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.
宋鹰.文化与习语翻译[D]. 上海: 上海海运学院, 2003.
[15] 汪福祥, 施海琦.现代英语习惯用语500例 [M]. 北京: 外文出版, 2000.
[16] 于洁.英汉习语及其互译研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南师范大学, 2003.
[17] 余卫华，敖得列.英语词词典的辞典[Z]. 武汉：中国地质大学出版,1992.
[18] 余志远.英语国家概况[M]. 北京：外语教育与研究出版社2000.
[19] 郁福敏，郭珊琏.英语习语对比[M]. 上海：上海交通大学出版社1975.
[20] 张宁.英汉习语的文化差异及翻译[J]. 中国翻译, 1999, (3): 48-52.
作者点评：
英国战争对英语习语的影响
Idiom is a mirror of a nation. They comprise the historical and cultural background as well as the attitude to life and the ways of people. The formation of English idioms is influenced by such cultural factors as geographical conditions, historical developments, customs, religious beliefs, literature and arts of the British nation. The origin of English idioms goes back to ancient times. It has a strong expressiveness and vivid national characters. A right use of them in speech and writing will add much to variety, strength and vividness of the language.
Generally speaking, we advocate that a translator should stick to no ethnocentric translation, display initiative over passivity and prefer altruism to egoism. This requires that a translator should be somewhat sacrificial. As for the ideal image of a translator in the period of British War history, maybe the excerpt from Lu Xun is the most impressive.
Revolutionists are always liked to Prometheus in Greece myths, which are not regretful though tortured by Zeus, for their common generosity and firmness. But I steal fire from other countries just in order to stew the flesh of my own, and I believe my sacrifice of body worthwhile if eaters can benefit much from it. However, I wish myself somewhat beneficial to the society so that readers still have the opportunity to enjoy the stolen fire and light.
We can understand that British War influences English idioms a lot. The language could not improve through itself. It must be influenced by the society. Idiom is one of the forms of expression of language. Idioms are not only the essence of language, but also the epitome of language and the concentrated features of language. Language is the service of human activities. Idioms vividly reflect all aspects of human life.
From the Roman Conquest British Latin culture formed through four hundred years influences. The Teutonic Conquest had great influences on the formation of English. The Anglo-Saxon was one of the three origins of Modern English vocabulary. The Invasion of Vikings mixed the influences on English idioms with the language of Anglo-Saxon. The Normandy Conquest made French became one of the three origins of Modern English. The two World Wars were not only making new words but also giving the old words new meanings. From these expositions we can understand that war is not all the bad but have more advantages. The War brought the part of English idioms and recorded the development of the society.
In short, the British War History affected English idioms enormously. We can found effects of the origin of human from English idioms through the influences of British War to English idioms. The development of the British War history always influences the English idioms. Great historical events and societies'' transformations make language change and the development of language always be influenced by history and society many words and idioms originate from great historical events and societies'' transformations. Many of them are full of despising mocking derogatory etc. But with the development of society and history and the flashing of time, some of them have faded their original meaning.