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神经系统中的凋亡

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关键词: 神经系统,凋亡,促凋亡基因,抗凋亡基因

  人们对神经系统中的凋亡,特别是对凋亡与神经系统疾病的关系认识较晚〔1〕。近年发现,细胞凋亡不仅发生于胚胎发生和正常发育过程中,而且也出现于病理情况下。在神经系统,肿瘤、癫痫、缺血、外伤以及Alzheimer病、巴金森病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化等神经退行性变时均有细胞凋亡的参与,探究其分子和遗传学机制,可使人们从一种全新的角度认识神经系统疾病的发生机理和防治策略。本文对凋亡进行一般性概述后对近年有关神经系统中凋亡的研究进展做一综述。
1 凋亡概念、鉴定指标及基因调控
  1.1 凋亡概念 细胞有两种死亡途径,即凋亡和坏死。凋亡是一种能量依赖性的细胞自我销毁的主动过程。凋亡与有丝分裂功能相反,选择性清除无用细胞,保证组织细胞数量的稳定性。
  1.2 凋亡的鉴定指标 ①形态学标准,即典型的凋亡三阶段;②生物化学指标,即DNA链被特异性DNA内切酶在核小体间切断,形成含180~200碱基对或其倍数碱基对的DNA片断;③药理学指标,抑制某些相关大分子的翻译和转录能阻断凋亡,表明细胞必需生成一些新的蛋白质和核糖核酸才能实现凋亡。
  1.3 凋亡的基因调控 ①ced-3/ICE家族;②bcl-2家族;③P53。
  在不同类型的细胞中还发现另外几种促凋亡基因与抗凋亡基因。目前对它们的作用,相互关系,相对表达等均在探索之中。
目录:
  1 凋亡概念、鉴定指标及基因调控

  2 神经系统发育中的凋亡

  3 导致凋亡的神经病理生理过程

  4 凋亡与神经疾病

  5 凋亡有关的可能疗法


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