摘要:以校为本的教师研修是促进教师专业发展的有效形式,它是我们数十年教学研究、教育科研和教师培训工作的反思与改进,是教师将教育教学实践、研究和进修密切结合的一种工作方式,是对学校教学业务工作的整体改进,也是我国基础教育领域数十年教育教学实践、研究与教师培训工作的经验总结。
本研究论文由校本研修的精神阐析、改进教育过程的管理与研究、以校为本的教师学习培养、基于组织策划的教研活动、教育教学改革的课题化 、促进教师自主成长的教师评价等部分组成。论文首先对校本研修内在的学校教育管理思想进行阐析,认为校本研修是对教师主动有效地成长机制、教师实践性知识的发展,以及对教师教育范式变革的关注,旨在促进教师自主发展,将解决教师教育教学实际中的问题与教师专业发展的目标有机统一起来。在此基础上,从活动策划的角度对教师校本研修的制度建设问题进行研究,分析了当前学校教育教学过程管理、教师的学习培养、教研活动的组织、教育教学改革课题管理、教师评价等方面的内在机制及存在的问题,以学校教学管理与教师研修相融汇的理念,探索了校本研修工作的改进之道,研究活动的策划技术,以及校本研修制度的构建。
本研究主张在改进教育教学过程的管理中促进教师研修,特别是要改进备课、作业和学习评价等关键环节。通过基于发展意识和策划意识的备课管理改革、集体备课、作业与作业管理改革、过程性评价、评价分析与命题研究等工作,从而使教学实施过程同时也是教师研修过程。
本研究认为校本培训的意义不在“场所的转移”,而是“机制的创新”,主要体现在:学习内容基于教师需要且又由教师开发;教师在活动中的角色具有双重性;加强交流以促进读书与反思;沟通教师的理论学习与实践应用;以阶段性的活动引领与导向教师长期的自我研修。其实施策略主要有:建立具有自主策划意识的组织核心;重视研修方案的解读,准确传达研修策划的思想;变长期课程为短期课程,拆系统式课程为串珠式课程;研修主题要源于教师的问题资源;通过提前作业和延伸作业促进有效讨论;发挥过程性评价的促进作用。
本研究主张通过项目策划的方法促进各类教师研究活动的有效开展。观察分析教研活动有效性,关键要看:研究主题与形式的针对性;活动过程的可参与性;解决实际问题的建设性;研究主题的连续性与渐进性;关注过程的生成性;理论结合实践的指导性等。组织策划教研活动须关注教师需求的调查,活动中的教师参与点,要辩证对待教研活动的预设与生成问题,准备充分但又要尊重生成,并通过延伸性的活动促进教师的行为跟进。
本研究倡导教育教学改革的课题化。提倡教师从实际出发,把日常工作整理性的思考、对具体教育事件的案例反思和寻求问题解决的行动研究都认同为教师的多层次研究。按照课程实施的探索、面向问题的课题研究和面向新情境的成果推广应用研究的不同特点,推进教育教学改革。学校要以促进教师有效研究为原则,构建关于教师研究需求的调查、课题研究的管理与指导、成果推广应用和教师研究评价等方面的制度,要简化教师研究管理上程序与形式的要求,尊重教育教学现场研究的特点,鼓励教师开展“微型课题”。
本研究主张通过教师评价制度的整合与评价活动的策划,构建促进教师自主发展的评价机制。要统筹运用校内的反思性的自我评价、诊断性的工作过程评价、发展性的工作绩效评价和纪录性的专业发展评价等四类评价。要有所策划且旗帜鲜明地克服教师之间“竞争有余,合作不够”的现象。要从是否主动及时地发现学科教学中的问题,是否善于策划组织团队进行针对性地研究,是否能够有力地落实教学过程管理和指导等方面开展教研组评价,促进教师的团队合作与研修进步。
关键词:校本研修 校本教研 制度建设 活动策划 教师专业发展
Abstract:School-based teacher learning and teacher research, which is as much a process of reflection on and improvement of decades of teaching and educational research and teacher training as a means of combining teaching and educational practice, educational research and in-service learning, is an effective approach to teachers’ professional development. The entirety working to school teaching business is improved , is also that our country basic education field number educational practice, studies the experience training a job''s with the teacher sums up.
This research thesis is composed of STLTR spirit analytical, improving management and research of educating process, Taking school as this teacher research cultivatng, Teaching Research(STR) activity based organization plan, educate and educational reform’s problem-rization, teacher assessment promoting teacher own growing up and so on. School-based teacher learning and teacher research is based upon educational and school management concept. It focuses on teachers’ initiative professional development mechanism, their expansion of educational practical knowledge, the reform of teacher education paradigm. By systematically combining practical issue attack in teacher education with teachers’ professional development, it aims at promoting autonomous teacher development and bringing the curriculum orientation to the research orientation of teachers’ professional development strategy. Here the basis is upper, angle planning from the activity, STLTR formulating essential rules and regulations probleming is studied. From the holistic viewpoint of school teaching operation, the research and promotion of teacher learning and teacher research should attend to issues like educational process management, teacher learning encouragement, teaching research activity planning, teaching and educational research project management and teacher assessment so as to consider
To promote school-based teacher learning and teacher research, we must improve teaching and education. What is to be emphasized are the key elements of lesson planning, homework assignment and learning assessment. Such work as lesson-planning management reform, collective lesson preparation, homework assignment and management reform, formative assessment, evaluation analysis and testing research, if incorporated with a sense of development and planning, will make the teaching process part of teacher learning and teacher research..
The significance of school-based teacher learning and teacher research lies not in the transfer of the locale, but in the innovation of the mechanism, or, to be specific, learning contents based upon teachers’ needs and developed by teacher trainees, dual roles in the learning process, promoting reading and reflection by effective communication, theory learning and teaching practice facilitating mutual communication, and assisting long and enduring teacher learning and teacher research by staged programmes. Such implementation strategies may include establishing core organizations with autonomous planning orientation, highly valuing the interpretation of teacher learning and teacher research schemes, concisely conveying the intentions of teacher learning and teacher research schemes, replacing long-term programmes with short-term programmes, breaking up systematically-organized programmes into briefer ones in a series, finding researching questions from teachers’ practice, promoting effective communication and discussion with pre-given and prolonged homework, and effecting the facilitation of formative assessment.
To promote school-based teacher learning and teacher research, we must promote teacher research with project management. Whether a teaching research scheme is efficient largely depends upon such aspects as the pertinency of the research theme and form, the extent to which the participants are involved in the research process, the constructiveness to resolve practice problems, the continuity and progressiveness of the research theme, the attention to generation in the research process and the compatibility of theory with practice. Planning such a programme generally requires an investigation of teacher needs and participants, a dialectical attitude towards predetermined and generative aspects of the programme with both careful planning and considerable respect to the generative aspects to modify teacher conduct with amendments.
We must advocate project-based educational reform. Teachers should be well aware of their own status quo, look on their reflections on their teaching incidents and their endeavour to solve their problems as integral part of their graded research. Educational research can only be promoted with full considerations of the different characteristics in exploring the curriculum implementation, researching into practical issues and generalizing research outcomes in new contexts. Schools should abide by the principle of promoting effective teacher research and construct school regulations regarding teachers’ research needs analysis, research project management and assistance, generalization of research outcomes in new contexts as well as teachers’ research assessment. Schools should also simplify the procedures and formalities regarding teachers’ research management and respect the specific context of on-site research. Research on “mini-projects” as a means of “true research” should especially be encouraged.
To promote school-based teacher learning and teacher research, we must improve the current teacher appraisal system and construct the appraisal mechanism to facilitate teachers’ initiative professional development. Four kinds of teacher appraisal methods should be well planned as a whole: reflective self-assessment, diagnostic assessment of the working process, developmental assessment of the working efficiency and documentary assessment of professional development. It should be well planned to be stopped from happening that teachers compete at the cost of collaboration. Teaching research groups should be evaluated by considering whether the members can locate problems in subject education in time, whether they are good at research on practical issues with collaboration, whether they can forcefully manage their teaching process. Only in this way can teacher collaboration, teaching learning and teacher research be promoted in its true sense.
Key words: School-based Teacher Learning and Teacher Research (STLTR); School-based Teaching Research(STR); Regulation Construct; Scheme Planning; Teachers’ Professional Development
第一章 引 言
新世纪以来,我国基础教育领域正在经历一场深刻的变革,课程目标在变化、课程结构在变化、课程内容在变化、课程实施在变化、课程评价在变化、课程管理也在变化……课程改革要求老师们从课程的忠实执行者,转变为课程教学实践的研究者,这对基层老师提出了更高的要求,也对教师工作、学习与研究的制度和实施提出了挑战。校本培训、校本教研、校本研修等语汇频繁出现在各报章,同时也成为很多学校推进课程改革,促进教师专业发展的重要途径。
本章将从我国校本研修的历史回溯和学校教学业务工作的现状分析中,讨论校本研修的现实背景与意义;并通过国内外研究情况的概述,提出了本研究的目标、内容、方法与原则。