摘 要:作文是个人生活积累和言语能力的综合表现,是衡量学生语文水平的重要尺度。作文教学作为语文教学的重要组成部分,得到了语文教育界人士的普遍重视。近年来,“创新性作文教学”、“个性化作文教学”和“网络作文教学”等的研究轰轰烈烈。然而,在教学实践中却未见取得明显成效。本文通过分析反思当前作文教学的现状,得出结论:脱离现实生活是当前作文教学难以取得实效的重要原因。因此,立足于作文教学的根本目的,提出进行生活化作文教学研究。全文共分四章。
第一章 生活化作文教学阐释
本章主要分析了生活化作文提出的背景,揭示了当前作文教学中普遍存在的问题:一是作文教学与生活的背离,二是作文教学对学生主体的忽视,三是作文教学存在许多不科学的做法。阐述了生活对于作文与作文教学的意义,最后对生活化作文作了理论界定。
第二章 生活化作文教学的多角度透视
搞好生活化作文教学就必须弄清楚生活与个体体验、生活与积累、生活与表达、生活与建构的关系。弄清楚这四组关系,对于提高对生活化作文的本质认识、实践好生活化作文教学无疑有重要意义。
第三章 生活化作文教学的特点
生活化作文教学作为一种“回归现实生活”的作文教学理念,体现出与传统应试作文教学全然不同的特点。首先,生活化作文教学真正落实了学生的主体性,培养了学生的真诚性,弘扬了学生的个性。第二,生活化作文教学与传统应试作文教学的伪事件、伪主体、伪情感相比,要求学生参与到作文所要表达的生活中去,从自身的生存状态和切身感受出发,呈现出亲历性的特点。第三,生活化作文教学强调的是个体的生活体验,具有个性化的特点。第四,强调作文是生活的一部分,作文为生活,具有很强的实用性。
第四章 生活化作文教学的实施建议
本章分两步阐述生活化作文教学的实施,是因为两个阶段分别对应作文的“二次转化”的两个阶段。不同的阶段任务不同,采取的措施也不一样。第一阶段是引导学生关注生活,积累体验。从“立足现实生活,积累生活体验”和“强化文本阅读,关注网络生活,诱发生活体验”两个方面组织实施。第二阶段是强化言语表达技能的科学训练。从“建立生活化的言语表达技能训练序列” 、“强化模仿训练”、“强化言语运用实践”、“加大实用类文章写作训练”和“强化作文修改训练”等五个方面提高学生作文的“第二次转化”能力。
关键词:中学 作文教学 生活
Abstract :The composition is the integrative embodiment of the individual life accumulation and the language ability. It is also the important rule to judge the student’Chinese level. As the important part of Chinese teaching, the composition teaching has got common recognition of people who teaches or studies Chinese. Recently, the study of “the creative composition teaching”, “ the internet composition teaching ”and “the individual composition teaching ” has developed warmly, but it can’t get effective during the teaching practice. This article is established in the basic goal of composition teaching and mainly studies “ the living composition teaching ” by analyzing and thinking about the composition situation. It has 4 parts:
Part one: The explain of the living composition teaching
In this part, it analyses the background of the living composition teaching, and shows up the common problems existing in the composition teaching: first, the deviation between teaching and life; second, the neglect to the students; third, some unscientific ways. It tells how life plays an important role in composition teaching and what is the living composition.
Part two: The clairvoyance of the living composition teaching
If you want to improve the living composition, you must make it clear about the relationship between life and personal experience, life and accumulation, life and expression and life and building. With those four relationships to be clear, there will be important meanings for improving the recognition of composition and practicing the living composition teaching well.
Part three: The characteristic of the living composition teaching
As a new composition teaching idea about “coming back the life ”, it shows the complete differences between the traditional composition teaching and the new composition teaching. First, the living composition teaching carries out the main body of students, brings up the student’s honesty, encourage the student’s personality. Second, comparing with the wrong things, the wrong subjects, the wrong feelings of the traditional composition teaching, the living composition asks the students to take part in the life that is expressed in the composition, it starts with the real survive situation and real feelings, and shows the traits experienced by oneself. Third, the living composition emphasizes the individual’s life experience, and it has the individual characteristics. Forth, it emphasizes that the composition is a part of the life, and it is useful for life.
Part four: The actualizing of the living composition teaching
It is divided two parts to talk about the actualizing, just because there are “two changes” in the composition development. Different period has different task, it also has different ways to solve. The first period leads the students to attend life, to accumulate experience, and it divides two parts: one is “standing in the realistic life, accumulate the life experience ”, the other is “strengthen the reading, notice the life of internet, play a premium on the life experience”; the second period strengthens the scientific practice of language expression skills. In order to improve “the second change ”ability of the student, it is written with 5 points: “imitating practice”, “language using practice”, “more practice about practicability composition writing ”, “building up the list of language skills ”, and “amending practice ”.
Key words:middle school , composition teaching , li
引 言
中国教育历史漫长,作文教学历史悠久,作文教学研究成果也汗牛充栋。从孔子的“有德者必有言”、“述而不作”的读本位言语教育观,到“今之学者之病,最是先学作文千禄”的科举教育,从梁启超的“能予人规矩,不能使人巧”的新文本主义写作教育观,到朱光潜的“养成纯正的趣味,克服心理的懒怠”的人本主义写作教育观,以及叶圣陶的“本于内心的郁积,发乎情性的自然”的主体性写作教育观,他们或从立德,或从功名,或从文章文本,或从人本的角度,对作文教学进行了有益的探索。但从当前的基础教育现实看,作文教学还存在不少问题。当前,理论界虽对“个性化作文教学”,“创造性作文教学”和“网络作文教学”等的研究轰轰烈烈,但在教学实践中尚未见取得明显成效。作文教学费力不小,研究作文教学的论著积案盈箱,但作文水平仍难整体提高,原因何在?人教社研究员周正逵先生认为中学(也包括小学)作文教学主要存在着“认识上的模糊”的问题。所谓“认识上的模糊”,指的是中学语文教师在作文教学中对中学作文教学的性质和特点认识不清,把握不准,具体的作文指导中把中学的作文训练与一般的文学创作混同起来。经常用文学创作的某些步骤和方法去指导中学作文教学,忽略了“中学生”和中学生作文这个实际,结果是无的放矢,劳而少功。