摘 要:历史活动课程是在我国新一轮课程改革中生成的一种新兴的课程形态,但就开发和实施的现状而言,其仍处在一个实践摸索阶段,缺乏理论上的指导和具体的操作规范,所以本文的撰写旨在这些问题上实现突破,以推动历史活动课程的健康、可持续的发展。
本文在撰写过程中参阅了大量国内外有关的著述、论文,借鉴了一些先进的理论和实践经验。如研究了杜威经验主义课程理念、布鲁纳的认知结构学习理论等与本课题相关的课程理论和教学思想;了解了上世纪,尤其是90年代以来英、美、日各国课程改革的潮流和基本概况;调查了近几年来我国学校,尤其是南方一些学校的学科活动类课程的探索实践;同时结合了本人几年来有关历史活动课程的思考和实践积累。所有的这些都为本文的撰写提供了直接或者是间接的经验。
本文共分为三个组成部分,第一部分是对历史活动课程进行理论上的探索,如课程概念的界定和课程的定位、课程的特点和具体的价值功能等,从而明确了该课程开发和实施的重要性、必要性和必需性。第二部分是从实践的角度对历史活动课程的开发和实施进行规范,提供了一套科学的开发、实施方案和操作程序。文章的第三部分则是对课程开发实施中该把握的原则、要转变的观念和应协调的关系等问题予以辅助性的说明,以保障课程开发和实施的顺利进行。
本文的创新之处就在于给处于盲目、自发状态的历史活动课程一个明确的课程定位,进一步明确了该课程开发和实施的必要性和必需性,而且整篇论文都是结合具体的教学实践去发现问题,分析问题,提出假想,通过应用检验而得出结论,因此具有明确的针对性和可操作性。
关键词:历史活动课程;课程开发;课程实施
Abstract :The history activity course is a newly kind of course which appeared in the new reform of our country, but in regard to the present condition of the development and implement, it still is placed in a fulfillment stage to grope, leading and concrete operation norms lack theory, so the aim of this paper is to carry out the breakthrough on that problem, to keep the history activity course develop in the form of healthy and developing.
I read a great deal of relevant works and articles in the domestic andinternational ,drawing
lessons from some advanced theories and practicing experience. Such as studying Bruner''s cognition structure theory and Dewey''s empiricism .Understanding the current and General situations of the course reform in England 、America and Japan since 1990''s. Investigating the situation of groping for the activity course in our country particularly some southern cities and school in recent years; At the same time I also combined with the history activity course of thinking and practice myself in the past years .And all these provide direct or indirect experience for this paper.
This paper is divided into three parts, the first part is carrying on the Groping for the history activity course theoretically , such as the characteristics and specific function , the definition of the course concept and the position etc, therefore I explicit the importance of course development and implement, necessity and essential. The second part carries on the norm for the development and implement of the history activity course from the angle of practice, providing a set of science project for implement and the procedure for operating . The third part gives the explanation that the principles should be hold and the ideas that to be changed and the relations that should be moderated in the course of implement so that it can guarantee the course progress smoothly .
The creative place of this paper is to give a fixed position of the history activity course which is in blind, self-moving . Furtherly explicit the necessity and essential for development and implement, and furthermore the whole paper combine with the concrete teaching fulfillment, discovering the problem, Analyzing the problem, putting forward imagination, passing examination and getting a conclusion, so the standpoint has the aim and Maneuverability definitely.
Key words:the history activity course; development of the course; implement of the course
引 言
基于知识经济时代对人才提出的新要求,如何培养学生的创新精神和实践能力已经成为今天各国教育关注的焦点。为此,一种强调学生通过活动来获取体验、情感,进而学会学习、学会生活、学会合作和竞争的活动课程形态也纷纷在各国出现,美国、英国、澳大利亚、日本、挪威、荷兰、法国等在基础教育课程改革中都开设了与活动课程相类似的课程,在我国,进入21世纪后,活动课程的开设也作为新课程改革的生长点和突破口倍受人们关注。
其实,活动课程也并非一种新兴事物,其理论可以追溯到20世纪初美国教育家杜威,他在传统的自然教育思想和当时实用主义哲学的影响下,提出“活动课程”理论,并积极付诸于实践改革——进步主义教育改革;二战后,在进步主义教育改革失败和美苏冷战的时代背景下,结构主义学派的代表人物——布罗姆.S.布鲁纳又倡导了新一轮的以“科学”为中心的课程改革;从表面上看,后者否定儿童中心,但其提出的“发现学习”,强调学习过程,强调直觉思维,强调内存动机,从本质上讲仍强调学生的主动性、强调学生通过活动和实践进行学习,在这一点上是与杜威有一定的一致性的。虽然杜威和布鲁纳的改革