摘 要:随着终身学习时代的到来,新课程的实施,培养学生自主学习能力已是基础教育的一个重要任务。本文拟从历史学科特点与高中生的心理特征、认知水平出发,以社会认知理论、建构主义理论等自主学习有关理论为依据,探讨了高中学生自主学习历史学科能力的内涵、外延、结构体系与特点,据此设计调查问卷对宁波地区六所不同类型学校的高中生进行了高中学生自主学习历史学科能力现状的调查,并针对调查所发现的学生在历史学科自主学习能力存在的薄弱方面,以社会认知理论、建构主义理论等为依据,结合历史教学的特点、前人研究经验等提出了以下四方面培养策略:
(一)历史课程资源的精心整合是培养高中学生自主学习历史学科能力的前提。“兴趣是学习最大的动力。”教师应根据学生心智发展的特点,依据生动性、时事性、直观性等三个原则,充分挖掘和利用课本及以外的课程资源,丰富历史课本的内容和情趣,使学习内容尽可能地贴近学生、贴近社会,让学生在内驱力的推动下愉悦地进行自主学习。具体做法有增补史料使历史课本具有可读性,捕捉时事新闻为历史课本增添亲近感,运用现代信息技术为历史课本补充更加丰富和快捷的资源库等。
(二)、历史教学模式的改变是培养高中学生自主学习历史学科能力的主要途径。在“先学后教”的历史课堂自主学习教学模式下,学生先根据导学提纲自学或者学生自主制定学习目标自学;在自学中,学生先自主查找资料或根据教师提供的辅助资料独立思考、解决问题,若不能自主解决问题,再与同学、教师交流解决;最后针对学习的内容进行自我反思检测等三个自主学习步骤。学生真正获得了自主学习的时间、空间、权利,其中教师根据最近发展区原理进行适当的帮助、指导,学生的自主学习能力得到了真正有效的培养。
(三)、自主学习方法的指导及迁移是培养高中学生自主学习历史学科能力的突破口。“最有价值的知识是关于方法的知识”。笔者根据调查发现:学生在历史学科的自主学习中,在自主预习、拓展、整理、巩固、检测等方面比较薄弱。据此,笔者主要在指导与训练学生自主阅读、自主拓展学习内容、元认知监控等历史学习策略上提出相应的培养策略。
(四)、意志的锤炼是培养高中学生自主学习历史学科能力的保障。笔者一方面充分发挥历史学科的优势,挖掘丰富的历史人格教育素材,让学生亲自体验历史人物的奋斗经历,感悟他们的坚强意志,在潜移默化中对学生进行意志熏陶和激励;另一方面在教学中尽量激发学生的内部学习动机与间接远景性学习动机,逐渐完善学生的学习动机,塑造学生的意志控制能力,以保障自主学习的顺利开展。
关键词:高中学生,自主学习,历史学科能力,现状调查,培养策略
STUDY ON THE CURRENT SITUATION AND DEVELOPING TACTICS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT LEARNING ABILITY IN HISTORY -----Take Ningbo area for example
ABSTRACT :With the advent of lifelong learning and the implementation of new curriculum, it is important for basic education to develop the students’ independent learning ability.
According to the theory of social cognition and constructivism in independent learning, this article proceeds from the peculiarity of history course and the psychological feature and cognitive level of senior high school students; then it studies the current situation of senior high school students’ independent learning ability on the history course’s connotation, denotation and structural system. On these grounds, the author formulated a questionnaire for senior high school students of six different types schools in Ningbo area. In accordance with results of the questionnaire and theories of social, cognition and constructivism, the author mainly rises four aspects in the developing tactics combined with the characteristic of history course and the experience from predecessors:
First, meticulous integration on history curriculum resource is the premise of developing senior high school students’ independent learning ability. “Interest motivates us most in learning.” On the basis of the students’ psychological features and with three principles of vividness, reality and intuition, teachers should make full use of modern information technology, textbook and other curriculum resource to make the learning contents press to the students and society as close as possible. And they should also enrich the contents of historical textbook to make the students study cheerfully and independently. For instance, teachers may supplement historical textbook to make teaching materials readable, collect current events and news to add some affinity to the historical teaching material and increase richer and speedier resources when making use of modern information technology.
Second, transformation on the teaching model of history is the main way to develop the senior high school students’ independent learning ability. With the teaching model of independent learning in historical classes, that is students’ learning followed by teachers’ teaching, first of all students study independently according to the outline, or on their own study targets; then, in the course of independent learning, they discover questions to dissolve them independently or with their teachers and classmates; and then they should do self-examination according to the learning contents. In this way, students, with the appropriate help and direct, indeed, obtain time, space and right for independent learning.
Third, guiding and removing on the way of independent learning is a breakthrough in developing senior high school students independent learning ability on history course. “The most valuable knowledge is the knowledge on how to study.” According to the investigation, the author found that students are a little weaker in their independent learning ability on historical course as well as in preparation, extending, arrangement, consolidation and inspection. As a result, the author rises relevant, developing tactics mainly in directing and training students to read and extend independently what they learn and their metacognition.
Fourth, polishing their willpower is to ensure the development of senior high school students’ independent learning ability on history course. The author, on one hand, makes good use of the advantages of the history course and finds abundant materials about historical personalities, so that the students are able to experience historical people’s experiences and realize their strong willpower. That would be an unconscious influence to the students. On the other hands, the author stimulates the students’ internal motivation of learning and indirect and long-range motivation of learning in order to make the students’ learning motivation perfect gradually, develop students; command of willpower and ensure to develop their independent learning ability.
KEYWORDS: senior high school student, independent learning ability, history course, investigation on current situation developing tactics
引 言
新课程极力提倡三种学习方式:自主学习、合作学习、研究性学习。这三种学习方式既有区别,又有联系,存在着一种相互支持、互为补充的关系。如果要充分发挥这三种学习方式的优势,以促进学生发展,三种学习方式之间的关系(先隐藏教师的指导)如下图:
没有问题 → 掌握
自主学习 自行探究解决 → 掌握
产生问题→研究性学习
自行探究没有解决→ 合作探究解决
根据图我们可以认为自主学习是三种学习方式的基础,即真正的合作学习和研究性学习一定是自主学习,只有自主学习才能帮助学生确立自主的尊严和获得可持续发展的动力,才能实现其他学习方式。目前关于一般自主学习的理论和实践研究较多,但对于高中学生自主学习历史学科能力培养研究却较少。