摘要:进入二十一世纪,在全球性的基础教育课程改革中,人本主义的课程理念正显示出强大的感召力。以人为本、以学生为本的思想已成为当今世界各国基础教育的共同取向,也是各国基础教育课程改革关注的焦点。
作为我国基础教育课程改革实施标准的《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》和《普通高中语文课程标准(实验)》,其贯穿的一条精神主线就是人本主义。在其理念指导下,要求我们突破学科中心,构建开放的语文课程;张扬学生个性,为学生终身发展奠基;倡导自主合作探究,使教学由封闭走向开放。但认真审视我们语文教学重中之重——写作教学,不得不承认当前写作教学存在着诸多问题。如:从目的来看重写作轻育人;从过程上看重知识轻能力;从态度上看重理论轻情感;从实践来看重课堂轻生活;从指导来看重范文轻下水;从评价上看重数量轻质量等等。
通过对这一现状及其原因的分析,本文提出,建立以人本主义思想指导的中学写作教学体系。体系的理念有:从理念本源趋向生活本源;从“人”“文”分离趋向“人”“文”合璧;思维从封闭僵化趋向多元创新;语言从俗语套话趋向个性表达;评价从狭隘保守趋向民主开放等。内容取向上突出“生活作文”的价值取向,同时扩大实用性文章的写作范围。过程取向上全面关注写作过程,关注新的学习方式。
有了这一系列的理论充实,就不能不谈谈人本主义思想指导下的写作教学实践。我首先从不同的三个方面回顾了自己的一些尝试:以真实创就作文个性;互评互改,尊重主体;注重对学生智力因素的培养。然后介绍了我曾参与的两个课题——全国中语会的“创新写作教学与实践”课题 和中央教科所的“中小学作文个性化发展研究”课题,对其人本主义思想进行了分析和总结。
虽然在实践中还存在着一些尚需改进的问题,如追求模式,走入僵化;忽视与学生的沟通探究;教师的教学教育缺失个性和创新精神等等。但只要我们积极去探索、去思考、去解决,我们的写作教学就会不断的完善、不断的达到新的高度,从而使写作的过程真正成为个体生命深化思维、升华情感、发展个性的自然而真实的实践过程。
关键词 人本主义 写作教学 课标 学生 教师
Abstract:The course theory of humanism is showing strong impelling force in the reform of global basic education courses in 21 century。The theory of taking people/students as roots has become a common tropism of basic education in all countries,and it is the focus emphasized of basic education reform。
《Full-time obligation education Chinese courses standard (experiment paper)》and 《common high school Chinese course stangard(experiment paper)》are the enforceing standard for basic education reform in our country。The main line run through them is Humanism。it′s theories need to break course center and construct open Chinese course;stink student′s personality and lay a foundation for student′s development;urge co-operation research and make teaching from occlude to open。But scanning carefully the most important part of the chinese teaching —writing-teach,we have to admit many problems exiting ,for example:we emphasis writing not raising from the aim;emphasis knowledge not ability from the course;emphasis theory not sensibility from the attitude;emphasis classroom not life from the practice;emphasis model essay not offal from the guidance;emphasis quantity not quality from the aim; and so on。
By the analysis for the actuality and it′s reasons,the author think the writing-teach system of high school should be erected under the guidance of Humanism。The theories of the system include:theory fountain tends to life fountain;the separation of people and essay tends to the combination of them;thought tends to multi-resources innovation from occludeand and rigidity;language tends to personal expression from vulgarism and formula words;evaluation tends to democracy and open from parochialism and conservation。The tropism on content stands out the value tropism of “life writing”,and enlarge the writing scope of practical paper。The tropism on course pays attention to the writing course and the new studying methods。
The author reviews herself practices from three different aspects:creating writing personality by reality;comment and modifying each other,respecting principal part;paying attention to the training of student′s intelligence factors。The paper introduces two items that the author ever joined in:one from national high school language institute is innovating writing-teach and practice;the other from center education science institute is Chinese writing individualization development research,and analyses and summarizes the Humanism。
There are some problems existing in practice,for example:persuing mode,walking into rigidify,ignoring the communication with students,the teaching is short of personality and innovating spirit,but as long as we explore、think、solve them actively,the writing-teach will be more and more perfect and reach a new heigh,it will make the course of writing really become a natural and real experimental course of individual life deepening through、sublining sensibility、developing personality。
Key words:Humanism writing-teach class-mark students teachers
一、前 言
语言文字的主要功能就是交际,交际的核心在于正确理解和运用祖国语言文字的能力,这种能力用在口头就是说话,用在书面就是写作。写作教学是教师引导学生运用语言文字进行表达和交流的综合性实践活动。
进入二十一世纪,在全球性的基础教育课程改革中,人本主义的课程理念正显示出强大的感召力。以人为本、以学生为本的思想成为当今世界各国基础教育的共同取向,也是各国基础教育课程改革关注的焦点。在教育中发展和实现人的潜能、人的本性、人的尊严,追求人的和谐发展,已成为学校课程改革的远大目标。2001年6月,我国《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》颁发。此后,《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》和《普通高中语文课程标准(实验)》相继于2001年7月和2003年4月公布,这标志着中国内地中小学语文课程改革正式启动。