摘要:上个世纪八十年代,主体性研究在我国哲学、历史学、美学、文学等领域成为热点问题,主体、客体等概念也随即被引入到教育研究领域。有识之士审视中国传统教育的弊病,为反拨传统教学中的教师话语霸权现象和“灌输式”等教学方式,他们引进了外国先进的教学理念,提出了新的教育思想;同时又试图用主体、客体这一组概念来给教师和学生的课堂角色进行定位,以图摆正课堂中的师、生关系,提高教学效果和教育品位。但是,从建立这种定位理论的尝试之初,就在全国范围内引发了一场旷日持久的大论争,大有“百家争鸣”之势。各家各派本着自己对教育本质及其规律的认识,根据自己对教师、学生各自的角色性质、地位、任务、职责、功能等的不同理解,以及对课堂中师、生关系的不同看法,纷纷亮出自己的观点,试图建立一种最科学、最合理、对提高教学质量最有益的师、生角色定位理论。主要观点和理论主张有师、生“单主体说”、“主导-主体说”、“双主体说”及其各种变体等等,近年来由于对话教学的流行,又从美国传入了小威廉姆•E•多尔的“平等中的首席”一说。根据笔者所掌握的资料统计,目前师生角色定位理论之说达十多种。
由论争的范围之广,持续的时间之长,可以想见其声势和规模之大。问题的复杂性不仅在于各种观点都言之成理,持之有故,而且不同的观点之间,既互相攻击又交叉认可;即使持同一种“说”的各位论家之间,也既互相支持,又互相龃龉。总之,错综复杂,矛头太乱。
虽然众说纷纭,莫衷一是,但是,却似乎有一条共同遵循的规律,即每一种新“说”的提出,总是基于前一种“说”的弊端及其对课堂教学产生的负面影响。然而,各种观点都无法掩盖自身理论上的缺陷和不足,在实践中或者自相矛盾,或者捉襟见肘。所以,众多的“说”法至今仍然没有一种观点取得一主定宗的地位,师、生的角色定位依然摇摆不定。这给课堂教学,特别是语文课堂的教学和改革带来不利的影响。
鉴于众多论家各执一端、互不相让,而又难以做到“自我完善”以服众,笔者试对各家观点作一番梳理、分析、评议、批判,力图寻找一种更为科学的界说。
笔者搜集大量的资料,对各种定位之说的观点及其理据作出深入的分析,发现关于师、生课堂角色定位理论的建立存在许多问题,例如:有的是相关的哲学范畴及其互相关系没有搞清楚;有的是所依据哲学理论源头存在问题;有的缺乏严密的逻辑分析作为定位的基础;有的过于片面而使教学失去相对平衡;有的没有充分考虑和照顾到教师的职责,造成教师职责的大面积沦丧;有的以事实判断掩盖了价值追求;有的在表达上存在一定的问题,没有顾及到表达中存在的暗示性不良影响;有的以理想的追求或较高的要求标准取代价值判断;有的没有尊重我国的文化背景和教育传统,定位过于理想化,脱离了客观实际,如此等等,不一而足。
笔者以马克思辩证唯物主义为指导,以逻辑学为思辩武器,从有关哲学概念的界定入手,对教育活动内部的逻辑层次作了客观的分析,对教学基本要素(教师、学生、教材)之间的角色性质作了哲学的透视;在此基础上,笔者对历来各种师、生角色定位之“说”的优劣得失从哲学、教育学、逻辑学、社会学、表达学、伦理学等多个角度进行了观照、反思和评价,对其中明显不合理的甚至错误的理据或观点进行了批判。经过分析比较,笔者确认在各说当中,以“主导-主体说”最为科学,并对其历史地位和理论价值作了充分的肯定。
最后,笔者总结了各种定位之“说”的失误和教训,并由此制订了建立师、生角色定位理论的原则和策略;在此基础上,以“主导-主体说”为雏型,提出了自己的“分层定位说”,以供各位教师、教育研究人员、教育理论专家等参考,并敬请批评指教。
“分层定位说”虽然是在总结了各种定位之“说”的失误和教训的基础上提出来的,但它仍然属于一家之“言”,它的正确性和科学性,它的生命力和对教学的影响力,尚需要时间的检验和历史的证明。笔者提出“分层定位说”,不求取得一主定宗的地位,但求向真理更靠近一步。
【关键词】 师生课堂角色定位,反思,批判,维护,重建
Considering, Criticizing and Rebuilding on the Role Localization in Classroom ——Taking Chinese Teaching For Example
Abstract :In the eighties of last century, "subject research" had become the hot spot in the field of philosophy, history, aesthetics and literature in China; the concept of Subject and Object was also following to be brought into the education research field. Some sophists brought in advanced education concepts from overseas and proposed new education thoughts after examine the disadvantage of Chinese traditional education, in order to revise the phenomenon of teacher’s hegemony words and the “engraft” teaching style. In the meantime, they tried to localize the class role between teacher and student according to the concept of subject-object, and finally carry the point of amending the relationship between teacher and student and improve the effect and grade of education. However, it has caused a large debate lasting for a long time in our country from the beginning of this localization theory being set up. Basing on their acknowledge to the education essence and rule, evidenced by their different understanding to role nature, position, task, duty and function of teacher and student separately, and their different opinion to the teacher-student relationship, each groups show their own opinions and try to establish a teacher-student localization theory which is the most scientific, reasonable and beneficiary to improving the teaching quality, The main theories include "Single Subject Theory", "Leading-subject Theory", "Mutual Subject Theory" with kinds of variation, and so on. American scholar L. William .Doer’s “Chief stands on equality theory” has been introduced to our country because of the popularity of conversational teaching in resent years. So far there are more than ten types of theories about teacher-student role localization according to the author’s statistical information.
We can imagine its great influence and large scope from the wide range and the long time of the debate. The complexity lies in that all views seem to be reasonable while contradictions and approbations occur between each. Furthermore, even those demonstrators who insist on the same "theory" also abet and oppose each other. In a word, it is anfractuous and disordered.
Even though opinions vary from one another, they all obey one rule that every new “theory” is proposed basing on the "ills" of its previous “theory” and the neglect influence to classroom teaching. However, no views can hide theatrical disfigurement and insufficiency of themselves; they are self-contradicted when being put into practice. Therefore, there is no leading “theory” turn up to the present, and the teacher-student role localization is still uncertain, which make against the classroom teaching and reform, especially Chinese.
Since numerous demonstrators stick to their own views, while they can not make themselves the leading one through self-consummation, the author try to look for a more scientific theory after hackling , analyzing , evaluating and animadverting all those views .
The author collects lots of materials and deeply analyze miscellaneous views and finally find out that many problems exist on the establishing of teacher-student role localization theory, such as the confusion about relevant philosophy category and its inter-relations; or problems exist from the source of this philosophy theory; or the lack of precise logical analysis basis; or too unilateral to keep balance of education; or ignorance of teachers'' responsibility, causing it being badly reduced; or value pursue covered by truth judgments; or problems exist in expression, disregarding the hinted neglect influence in expressing; or ideal pursue instead of value judgment; or idealization about the localization theory, regardless of our culture tradition and background, and so on.
With Dialectic Materialism as guidance, Logistics as speculating weapon, the author starts from the definition of philosophy, makes an objective analysis on the internal logical hierarchy of education activities, do philosophical studying to the role characteristics of the education basic elements (teacher, student and material). Basing on this, the author compares, introspects and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of miscellaneous “teacher-student” localization theory, in the light of philosophy, pedagogy, sociology, expression, logic and ethics, and criticizes the obviously unreasonable or even incorrect points. After analyzing and comparing, the author fully affirms the historical status and theoretic value of the ”Leading-subject Theory”, and makes the conclusion that it is the most scientific among all those theories.
In the end, the author summarize the illogicalities of these miscellaneous localization theories, and proceed with the principles and strategies on establishing of the teacher-student localization theory, finally put forward his “Hierarchy Localization Theory” with “Leading-subject Theory” as its rudiment for reference to teachers, educational researchers and educationalists. Critics and instructions are always welcomed.
Though the “Hierarchy Localization Theory” is proposed basing on the illogicalities of other theories, it is still a personal theory. We need verification of time and history to support its trueness, scientific ness and the influence to education and vitality. The objective of the author putting forward the “Hierarchy Localization Theory” is to take a closer step to the truth, instead of gaining the leading position.
Keywords: Role Localization in Classroom,Considering,Criticizing, Maintaining,Rebuilding
第一章 关于师生角色定位的历史与现状
第一节 历史回眸——从“天地君亲师”和“三纲五常”说起
浩浩九州中华,悠悠五千年历史,教师伴随着文明诞生,又伴随着文明成长。穿越时间的隧道,我们窥视教师人格形象的嬗变,我们看见教师的社会地位在历史的旅途中颠簸抖荡。社会在进步,时代在发展,教育始终是推动历史车轮的一支重要力量。而教师的角色、性质、地位、功能、职责等等,也随着历史的脚步而发生变化;反过来,社会与时代的发展,又要求教师的地位、职责等适应时代与教育发展的要求,从“传道授业解惑”到“人类灵魂的工程师”、“人生的领航员”,历史在不断地演绎着教师的职责内涵。当今年代,教师的课堂地位到底如何?教育的发展要求教师做出怎样的角色转换和地位的变化?这是时代向我们提出的必须回答的命题。
要追问教师的地位如何,首先要回答什么是教师的地位。教师的地位有社会地位和课堂地位之分,而社会地位对课堂地位具有举足轻重的影响甚至决定性的作用。要讨论教师的课堂地位和作用,本文开始部分就必须先对教师的社会历史地位作一番简单的回顾。