摘 要:随着中日交往的不断深入,中国赴日人数不断增加,他们在事业取得成功的同时,面对已经“当地化”的子女非常苦恼和忧虑,他们希望子女在融入当地社会的同时,又能学会汉语,这不仅是民族感情的倾注,也是为孩子的未来着想。如何才能解决在日华人儿童的汉语教育问题,成为在日华侨共同关注的问题。论文在对华文教育现状调查的基础上,对存在的问题提出了相应的应对策略。
论文在对相关概念明确的基础上,提出了“汉语继承语”这一概念,并对生活在日本的华人儿童的语言情况进行了界定,指出自幼生长在日本的华人儿童的母语应该是汉语,而他们能够流利使用的日语只是他们自然习得的第一语言,所以,海外华人社会的母语教学就应看作是具有第二语言性质的汉语教学。
在明确了在日华人儿童的汉语教学性质后,论文又对目前日本社会中面向华人儿童的汉语教育现状进行了考察,并指出:全日制中文学校和周末中文补习校是目前主要的面向华人子女的汉语教育模式。同时,论文引用“言语宏观模式图”来分析了影响这两种主要教育模式的社会因素,学校因素和教材因素。
第三章是论文的重心所在,论文以在同源中文学校名古屋分校的教学实践经验为基础,重点论述了在日华童汉语学习的应对策略。指出,在华人相对集中的地区开设的周末中文补习学校,既不与日本的义务教育发生冲突,又在地域、经费等方面为华人家长提供了方便,因此是目前最适合华童学习的汉语教育模式。而在应对策略中,论文又以教学方法为重点,具体指出:在课堂教学中教师可以通过游戏教学、形体语言教学等幽默、意外来吸引学生,从而激发他们学习汉语的兴趣;为学生创设贴近生活的场景,提高他们在实际生活中运用汉语进行对话的能力;在作文教学中,以看图作文训练为基础,通过由少到多,由简单到复杂的语句积累,提高他们的写作能力。最终通过各种有效的教学方法,帮助这些在日生长的华童能够熟练地运用汉语进行听、说、读、写,进而提高他们的综合语言能力。此外,论文还对在日华童汉语教育的施教者——教师和华人家长如何在汉语教育中更好地帮助华童学习汉语提出了建议。
希望论文所提及的应对策略能为在日华童的汉语继承语教育提供一些借鉴。让他们在海外生长的同时也能接受中国传统文化的教育,延续中华民族精神和品德,成长为中外文化兼通、多元文化兼容的国际型人才。
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关键词: 在日华人子女;汉语继承语教育;影响因素;应对策略
Abstract :While the communication between China and Japan deepens, the number of Chinese in Japan is increasing. They hope their children not only integrate into the local society but also learn Chinese well. How to solve the problem with Chinese education for children becomes the focal point for overseas Chinese in Japan. Based on the investigation of present Chinese education situation, the paper presented its own views on the Chinese education for Chinese children in Japan.
On the basis of clarifying relative concepts, this paper proposed the concept of “education of Chinese inherits language”. Taking this concept as foundation, the paper pointed out that their mother tongue should be Chinese while Japanese is only the first language they naturally attained. In this situation, the mother tongue teaching should be regarded as the second language teaching.
This paper investigated the Chinese education situation for Chinese children in Japan society and pointed out that at present the full-time Chinese school and weekend Chinese school were the main pattern. At the same time, the paper quoted “Words Macroeconomic Models” to analyze the following factors such as social, school and teaching material that affect the above pattern.
Chapter III is the heart of the paper. On the foundation of the teaching practice in the Tong Yuan Chinese School Nagoya Branch, the paper elaborated how to solve the problem of leaning Chinese. Having pointed out that the weekend Chinese school should be opened in the areas where Chinese people relatively concentrate. This paper also focused on teaching methods and specifically pointed out that in the classroom instruction the teacher may apply game teaching, physique language teaching and so on to attract the students, thus stimulates them to study Chinese well; for the students to create scenes of daily life, improve their dialogue ability of Chinese in real life; in the thesis teaching, take the map-read thesis training as the foundation, through from little to much, sharpens their writing skills, finally help children to skillfully use Chinese in integrated language skills such as listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Let the children receive education of Chinese traditional culture, continue the spirit and character of the Chinese nation, grow up a foreign cultural practices, multicultural compatible international talent.
Key word: Chinese children in Japan; education of Chinese inherits language; Influence factor; Strategy
引 言
中国改革开放以来的经济崛起、国力上升以及海外华人经济地位的提高,使汉语在全球的地位不断得以提升,汉语正在成为一种新的强势语言。汉语的走向强势不仅引起了汉语作为第二语言学习的热潮,同时也在海外华人社会引起强烈的震动。2003年在北京,首届世界华侨华人社团联谊大会召开,会议期间,日本横滨华侨总会会长曾德深、加拿大温哥华中华文化中心主席郑文华、新西兰屋仑华侨会所副会长阮黎少芬、卢森堡-中国经济文化交流协会会长朱培华等人又针对华侨华人社团如何在弘扬中华文化,推进华文教育方面展开了专题研讨,从而海外华人社会的汉语教育出现了新的机遇。探讨海外华人社会的汉语教学问题,已经成了当前应用语言学和社会语言学的一个重要内容。