摘 要:本论文从写作目的和对象、写作内容、写作指导、合作学习、写作能力、训练体系、个性培养、作文考试八个方面对中美英作文教学进行了分析和比较,目的是通过比较为我们的作文教学改革找到一些可资借鉴的思路。
美英在对学生进行作文训练的时候,都很注重指导学生明白写作的目的和对象,理由是只有如此,才能选择具体的表达方式。美英的作文题多侧重生活事件及历史事件的评价,命题都比较中性化,注重理据,不求立意与情感抒发,不涉及道德的评判和品质的考验。美英的写作指导注重对学生实施步骤清晰、容易操作、实际有效的指导,期望学生在作文指导下能即刻写出象模象样的文章来。美英的写作教学中,从作文的命题到学生的写作再到作文的评价,从平时写作再到考试作文,全方位地体现并贯彻着合作的精神。美英等国在作文训练理论中均强调应该将学生的语言训练和思维训练提到同等重要的位置上来,并在实践中等到了很好的落实。美英作文教学训练很有系统性,遵从学生的心理发展特点,形成了由简单到复杂、由易到难的序列化训练的写作进程,减少了作文训练的盲目性和随意性。美英等国在作文教学中注重培养学生的创造能力和鲜明的个性,作文教学的各个环节中均体现这种教学理念。作文考试在中外作文教学中呈现出来较大的差异,美英作文考试从作文考试的方式、考试作文的题目、考试作文的评价及反馈几个方面均体现了一种全面的开放性。
中国的作文教学中,对写作的目的和对象问题也进行了一些理论的研究,但是在具体的教学中,写作的目的和对象还没有很好地落实。作文题则侧重人物描写、景物描写及道德问题的评判,即使是关注社会的文章,也往往注重个人的评价与判断,而缺少真正的调查研究和理据。写作指导注重学生综合素质的培养,注重传统文学精品对学生潜移默化的影响和熏陶,注重学生个体的感悟与体会,注重学生在长期阅读与写作中的积累。写作教学中的合作学习主要体现在平时作文的批改与评价环节上,并且起步比较晚。近年来作文教学的理论研究认为应当将学生的语言训练和思维训练并举,但是在具体的作文教学中,语言训练明显处于主要地位,思维训练有待进一步加强。我国也进行了作文训练的序列化研究,然而在具体的教学中,未成体系、比较盲目的作文训练却仍然较为普遍。近年来开始初步尝试在作文教学中启发学生创新精神的发扬,注重挖掘学生被掩藏的个性。在作文内容上有了一定的开放性,题目的设计和要求上面也开始寻求突破。
关键词:作文教学 美英作文教学 我国作文教学
Abstract :This research paper analyzes and compares the writing teaching from eight aspects: writing objectives, writing contents, instructions, cooperating study, writing ability, training system, personality developing and writing test in China, United States and Britain. Its objectives are to find an instructive clue for the reformation of writing t eaching through comparison.
When the students practiced the writing in United States and Britain, the purpose and target have been paid more attention, for only so, is the specific expressing method selected. The titles of the compositions are usually chosen from life events and discussion of historical events. The proposition is neutral and evidence is attached much attention; novelty and sentiment are not pursued; morality and quality are not criticized. So the instructions to the students in United States and Britain attach the importance to clear process, easy operation and efficient guidance, which demand the students to write a qualified composition immediately. In writing teaching, spirits of cooperation are embodied in the whole process of writing from the proposition to writing, then to praising, and from the practice to examination. Therefore without the students'' cooperation, there is no such a composition. In United States and Britain, the practice of language and thought are attached equal importance in writing teaching, and put in practice. The writing training is quite systematic and obeys the students'' characters, which forms the writing process from simple to complicated procedure and reduces the blindness and random of writing. The writing teaching in United States and Britain pays more attention to the creative ability and personality which is embodied in the whole process of writing. The testing writing also exists difference in the testing method, title, praising, and feedback which embodies the all-sided openness.
In writing teaching in China, this paper makes a primary study on the objective and target. But in the practical teaching, the objective and target cannot be put in operated. The titles attach importance to feature description, scenery description, and the judging of morality. Even if the title is concerned about the society, the importance is attached to the personal judgment and evaluate, without research and evidence. The writing instructions pay attention to the cultivation of comprehensive characters, to the influence and edification of traditional literary works, to the students'' comprehending and accumulation. The cooperation is mainly embodied in the writing correction and praising. Recently, the study on writing teaching believes that the practice of language and thought should be equally stressed. But in the actual writing teaching, language practice is obviously attached much importance and thought practice should be stressed. The writing training order is also studied in China, but in the actual teaching, the unsystematic blind writing training is quite common. Recently, inspiring the students'' creativity and personality is attempted for the first time. The composition itself shows the openness and seeks for the breakthrough in plan and demands.
Key Words:writing teaching writing teaching in United States and Britain writing teaching in China.
前 言
本人从事高中语文教学已经六年多,对作文教学一直比较关注。从教之初,我按照教材规定的作文内容对学生进行作文训练,认真批阅。但是我发现学生作文的热情并不高,作文水平也没有明显的提高。后来,我采用活页作文的形式,将批阅后的学生作文装订成册,在班内传阅,又增加了同学留言的环节,这一举措明显提高了学生写作的热情,也迫使同学在作文的时候更加认真、努力。再后来,我还对学生相互批阅作文制定出了详细的规则。虽然我自己想了不少的办法,但是面对作文教学,我还是觉得力不从心。原因有以下几点:1.写前指导不力。不知道应该如何进行更好的指导,觉得写作前的指导并不能很好地指导学生的写作。2.学生的写作水平提高很慢。学生的作文水平在进校之初基本就已经定型,老师起到的作用微乎其微,进校时作文水平好的学生毕业时依旧很好,进校时作文水平不好的学生毕业时依旧不好。怎样让那些作文水平较低的学生有一个很大的进步和提高,好象并没有良策。3.现在的作文训练对学生日后的工作和生活到底能有多少帮助,如果仅仅为了高考而让学生进行如此繁重的写作训练,多少让人觉得有点亏,我希望的是现在的作文训练能使学生更容易更自如地去面对生活。