摘要:职业教育是经济社会发展的重要基础,在实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略中具有特殊的重要地位。区域经济的发展依靠职业教育,欠发达地区的职业教育发展滞后,已成为制约经济发展,影响社会稳定的重要因素之一。近几年来,作为经济欠发达的德州市积极推进职业教育发展,支持各级各类职业教育办出特色、办出水平,一些职业院校进行了积极探索,取得一定成绩,积累了不少经验。但从总体上看,职业教育的发展仍然是教育工作的薄弱环节,不适应经济社会发展的需要。大力发展职业教育,争取做到与区域经济共同发展,既是当务之急,又是长远大计,需要积极探索,深入研究。
本文借鉴国内外专家学者关于职业教育与区域经济发展关系问题的研究成果,利用调查研究、实证分析、访谈等方法,对德州市经济建设和职业教育发展的经验和存在的问题进行了研究,并结合实际提出了相关的对策和建议。作者试图从职业教育“供”、“需”两个层面,探讨职业教育与区域经济共同发展的新举措和新办法,有的方案因为切实可行,已被省市定为职业教育发展的操作性文件。论文共分为三个部分:
第一部分 绪论,提出德州市职业教育发展滞后于经济发展问题,对职业教育、区域经济、人力资本、“双元制”职业教育等关键概念进行了界定,确定了主要的研究方法。
第二部分 通过对查阅文献、调查、访谈等研究方法所搜集到的有关文献资料、统计数据、典型案例进行综合分析和研究,阐明了德州市经济发展的现状及存在问题,着重研究了德州市职业教育发展取得的六点成绩,以及存在的六个方面的问题。
第三部分 针对第二部分找出的区域经济与职业教育发展存在的问题,探索性地提出解决问题的七项对策:1、对职业教育要有正确的认识;2、加强县级中等职业学校建设,使职业教育发展有充分的阵地支撑;3、进行“初三分流”,控制辍学率,增强学生的职业意识;4、职业院校主动与德州市区域经济发展接轨,争取做到“五个适应”:办学方向与区域经济的市场需求相适应、专业构成与区域经济的产业结构相适应、服务对象与区域经济的所有制结构相适应、附属功能与区域经济发展的其它需要相适应、招生就业与区域经济的内外需求相适应; 5、推进校企合作,密切职业学校与经济的关系;6、组建职教集团,实现深层次的校企联合;7、打破部门之间的体制障碍,推行“双证互通”。
关键词:职业教育 区域经济 人力资本 “双元制”职业教育
Abstract :Vocational education is an important foundation for the development of the economical society. It occupies a special place in implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science、education and talent .The regional economic development relies on vocational education . Now ,the vocational education of the less developed region lags behind ,which becomes one of the main factors in constraining economic development and affecting the social stability.In recent years,Dezhou,as an economically underdeveloped city ,has promoted the development of vocational education actively and support the vocational education at all levels 、encouraged them to have their own features and reach a high standard . A number of vocational institutions has achieved certain results through active exploration and accumulated much experience.But generally speaking,the development of vocational education, which is still a weak link in education , can not adapt to the needs of the economic society .It is imperative as well as a long-term plan to develop the vocational education strongly in order to catch up with the development of the regional economic,so we need to make a thorough study of it.
The paper made a study through research、empirical analysis、interviews and other methods on the experience and the existed problems of the Dezhou economic construction and vocational education on the base of the research of the experts from home and abroad. The paper also put forward relevant recommendations.The author attempts to discuss the new initiatives and approaches to how to develop the vocational education and economic costruction together of the two aspects:“supply”and “need”.As some programmes are practicable ,they have been set for the operational documents by the provincipal and manicipal government.The paper is divided into three parts:
Part one :introduction.In this part ,the problem:Dezhou vocational education lags economic development is posed ,vocational education ,regional economic ,human capital and the “dual system”of vocational education and other key words are defined and the main research methods are fixed.
The second part .by looking up the literature,surveys, interviews and other research methods ,I collected a lot of files ,statistical data,typical cases,and made an analytical investigation on them .have a explaination of the situation and the existed problems of Dezhou economic development focusing on six achievements and problems of six aspects.
The third part In the light of the problems listed in part two,I tried to advance seven pieces of countermeasures.1.to have a proper understanding of vocational education. 2.to strengthen the building of thesecondary vocational education at the country levels with adequate support. 3.have a “spring triage”to control the drop-out rate,in crease caree awareness among students.4.vo cational institutions and Dezhou regional economic development link to achieve “five adaptation”;sponsoring direction and regional economic suit to the needs of the market;specialities structure are compatible to the regional economic structure;client is compatible to the ownership structure of the regional economic;subsidiary fuxction suit to the other needs of regional economic;enrolment and employment suit to the internal and external needs of the regional economic . 5.promote the corporation between school and enterprises,get the relation between vocational school and economic closer.6.form vocational group,run schools scalelized、grouplized、chainlized.7.break departmental institutional barriers,make the“double-card” be useful in each department.
Key words: Vocational education, regional economy, manpowered resource, “dual system”of vocational education.
一、绪论
(一)问题的提出
职业教育是现代教育的有机组成部分,是工业化和生产社会化、现代化的重要支柱,“是衡量一个国家现代化程度的重要标志,是促进经济、社会发展和劳动就业的重要途径。”职业教育与经济发展有着最直接、最紧密的联系,在市场经济条件下,这种联系越来越密切,并且逐渐呈现相互融合的趋势。为了提高国民素质,使教育体制适应经济体制改革的需要,1985年5月27日中共中央颁发了《关于教育体制改革的决定》,提出了“教育必须为社会主义建设服务,社会主义建设必须依靠教育”的根本方针。指出职业教育不适应社会主义现代化建设的需要,是我国整个教育事业中最薄弱的环节。自党的十二大起,中央的历次重大会议都强调:“使经济建设转到依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质的轨道上来”。1991年10月17日国务院颁布了《关于大力发展职业技术教育的决定》。1993年2月13日中共中央、国务院印发了《中国教育改革和发展纲要》。这些战略部署,都为进一步改革与发展职业教育事业,提出了明确的方向、目标、任务和途径,创造了良好的机遇和条件。1996年9月《中华人民共和国职业教育法》施行以来,各地相续出台了一系列的地方性政策法规促进职业教育发展,使我国职业教育逐步走上法制化、规范化、科学化的发展轨道,欠发达地区的职业教育也得到了空前发展。即便如此,在实际工作中还存在着一些亟待解决的问题。主要是城镇还没有形成所有经济组织,尤其是工业企业都依靠职业教育来提高从业人员素质的格局;农村的职业教育还相当薄弱,有的农村基本上还是单一的基础教育;城乡职业教育与经济和社会发展之间的“服务”与“依靠”的关系尚未建立。